Shifting horizons<\/p>\n
By Gideon Rachman<\/p>\n
Published: February 5 2009 20:39 | Financial Times<\/p>\n
European policymakers will this weekend be able to have their first close look at the foreign policy team of President Barack Obama. The American delegation to the annual Munich security conference <\/span>will be led by Joe Biden, US vice-president, and will include General James Jones, Mr Obama\u2019s new national security adviser.<\/p>\n But for those searching for clues to the new administration\u2019s approach to the rest of the world, there is a treasure trove of evidence that has been little examined \u2013 the writings of the people who will shape foreign policy.<\/p>\n Several are prolific authors. Many are moving across Washington, from venerable think-tanks such as the Brookings Institution on Massachusetts Avenue, into offices in the state department or at the White House. Others are arriving from universities including Harvard, Princeton and Stanford.<\/p>\n It would be naive to assume that ideas floated in journal articles will be translated directly into US foreign policy. The real world is too messy for that. But the writings of the appointees and those likely to serve alongside them at least illustrate the intellectual climate and help identify some of their underlying assumptions.<\/p>\n Out goes the \u201cwar on terror\u201d, which the new brood sees as an ideological rather than a military struggle. In comes a need to reappraise both America\u2019s power and its vulnerabilities. Back are a belief in the importance of the United Nations, of diplomacy in general \u2013 with a new stress on broad-based regional initiatives \u2013 and of relations with allies in western Europe.<\/p>\n Since the \u201cwar on terror\u201d was the organising principle of the foreign policy of George W. Bush, it is not surprising that the Obama team is urging a re-think. The early decision to close the prison at Guant\u00e1namo Bay<\/span> reflected a belief that the struggle with terrorism is as much about ideas and principles as it is about military force. Daniel Benjamin, a Brookings scholar who is expected to take up a senior state department position dealing with counter\u00adterrorism, has argued that terrorism is never likely to be definitely vanquished<\/span>. Rather it is a threat that needs to \u201cmanaged and reduced\u201d.<\/p>\n Brookings scholar expected to take up a state department counter-\u00adterrorism position<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n In the same vein, Philip Gordon \u2013 also of Brookings and expected to take up the post of assistant secretary of state for Europe \u2013 argues<\/span> that \u201cthe battle against Islamist terrorism will be won when the ideology that underpins it loses its appeal\u201d.<\/p>\n This rethinking of the war on terror reflects a broader reassessment, both of American power and of US national security. Rather than putting military power at the centre of US foreign policy, the Obama team wants to rehabilitate America\u2019s \u201csoft power\u201d \u2013 diplomacy, persuasion, cultural influence, development aid and the power of example. Indeed, the man who coined the phrase \u201csoft power\u201d \u2013 Joseph Nye, a Harvard professor \u2013 is tipped to be US ambassador to Japan or China.<\/p>\n Brookings scholar expected to take up the post of assistant secretary of state for Europe<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n Anne-Marie Slaughter, a Princeton academic, is expected to be appointed head of policy planning at the state department \u2013 a job once held by George Kennan, architect of the policy of containment of the Soviet Union. Ms Slaughter is keen to get away from the militarised and Manichean world view of the Bush years. In a recent article<\/span>, she suggests that the US \u201cneed not see itself as locked in a global struggle with other great powers; rather it should view itself as a central player in an integrated world\u201d. In her view, American power is as much to do with a dense web of cultural and economic connections with the rest of the world as it is to do with the number of aircraft carriers possessed by the navy.<\/p>\n Academic tipped as head of policy planning at the state department<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n But while the thinkers around Mr Obama have played down traditional threats to national security, they are keen that the administration should take a new generation of threats much more seriously. Kurt Campbell, expected to become assistant secretary of state for Asia, argues that \u201cunchecked climate change will come to represent perhaps the single greatest risk to our national security\u201d. Susan Rice, the new ambassador to the UN, thinks extreme poverty leads to state failure and, therefore: \u201cWe ignore or obscure the implications of global poverty for global security at our peril.\u201d<\/p>\n Likely assistant secretary of state for Asia; sees climate change as a security threat<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n Some of Mr Obama\u2019s early statements suggest that the Bush administration\u2019s occasionally Messianic view of \u201cdemocracy promotion\u201d as a central priority of US foreign policy, may now be quietly shelved (see below). But this is one area in which there is likely to be considerable debate and disagreement within the Obama camp. Some of the new president\u2019s appointees can sound just as ardent about democracy promotion as any neo-conservative.<\/p>\n The new ambassador to the UN; thinks extreme poverty leads to state failure<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n Michael McFaul, a Stanford academic who is expected to be in charge of the Russia desk at the National Security Council, for example argued in Policy Review in 2002: \u201cThe US must once again become a revisionist power <\/span>… The ultimate purpose of American power is the creation of an international community of democratic states that encompasses every region of the planet.\u201d<\/p>\n Although the idea of creating a League of Democracies as an alternative source of legitimacy to the UN became closely associated with John McCain\u2019s Republican presidential campaign, it is also a notion with which some Obama advisers have played around. Ivo Daalder, who is likely to become US ambassador to Nato, has proposed the formation of a \u201cGlobal Nato<\/span>\u201d \u2013 an idea that might raise a few eyebrows among fellow ambassadors in Brussels. Mr Daalder\u2019s argument is that because the alliance now takes on global missions, most obviously in Afghanistan, it should \u201copen its membership to any democratic state in the world that is willing and able to contribute to the fulfilment of Nato\u2019s new responsibilities\u201d.<\/p>\n Expected to be the US ambassador to Nato; has proposed the formation of a \u2018Global Nato\u2019<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n Although Mr Obama opposed the Iraq war, members of his foreign policy team are not against the expansive use of American power. Samantha Power, who is expected to take a top position in the National Security Council, came to Mr Obama\u2019s attention when he read her book, A Problem from Hell<\/em>, which criticised American passivity in the face of genocide, from Cambodia to Rwanda. She is a firm believer in the use of US power to achieve humanitarian aims and stop future genocides.<\/p>\n A belief in liberal interventionism and the promotion of democracy is not at odds with the neo-conservative world view. Where the Obama camp often departs decisively from the Bush years is in the belief in the importance of the UN. Ms Power\u2019s second book, Chasing the Flame<\/em>, was an admiring biography of a UN official killed in a terrorist attack in Iraq. The book\u2019s belief in the world body as a force for good is a departure from the hostility and scepticism of the Bush years.<\/p>\n Author of A Problem from Hell<\/em>, tipped for a top position at National Security Council<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n At the NSC, Ms Power is expected to be given a portfolio dealing with global governance. Her counterpart at the state department will probably be Carlos Pascual of the Brookings Institution, another firm supporter of the UN. He has argued for beefing up its peacekeeping capabilities.<\/p>\n Many of these arguments are in the realm of grand theory. But Mr Obama\u2019s people have also written extensively about the knotty diplomatic problems that they are already confronting. Richard Holbrooke, who has been appointed special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan, has made it clear that he favours a broad regional approach to the problem. In a recent article<\/span> for Foreign Affairs, he argued that Afghanistan should be seen as part of an \u201carc of crisis\u201d stretching from Turkey through Iraq, Iran and Pakistan.<\/p>\n Special envoy to Afghanistan and Pakistan; favours a broad regional approach<\/p><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n The Obama team\u2019s preference for a regional approach may also be demonstrated in the Middle East, where the Israeli-Palestinian question is likely to be tackled as part of a package of linked problems including countries such as Syria, Lebanon and Iran.<\/p>\n The voluminous writings of team Obama give some indication of how the appointees will approach things. But there are also cultural nuances that are not captured in journal articles or conference speeches. While many of the Bush team hailed from the south and the Midwest, many Obama appointees have cultural ties to Europe.<\/p>\n Several \u2013 including Ms Rice and Mr McFaul \u2013 studied at Oxford as Rhodes scholars. Mr Daalder was born in the Netherlands and Ms Power in Ireland. Mr Gordon was the official translator of French president Nicolas Sarkozy\u2019s biography; Ms Slaughter has a Belgian mother. The pi\u00e8ce de r\u00e9sistance<\/em>: Gen Jones, the new national security adviser, speaks fluent French, having gone to high school in France. Old Europe is likely to receive a cordial welcome in Mr Obama\u2019s Washington.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Shifting horizons By Gideon Rachman Published: February 5 2009 20:39 | Financial Times February 6, 2009 10:32am\u00a0 European policymakers will this weekend be able to have their first close look at the foreign policy team of President Barack Obama. The American delegation to the annual Munich security conference will be led by Joe Biden, US […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":68707,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[145],"class_list":["post-9031","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-usa","tag-barack-obama"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9031","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9031"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9031\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/68707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9031"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9031"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9031"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
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