{"id":87026,"date":"2013-12-31T14:50:09","date_gmt":"2013-12-31T12:50:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/?p=87026"},"modified":"2014-01-08T16:25:09","modified_gmt":"2014-01-08T14:25:09","slug":"kemal-pasha-by-isaac-f-marcosson-the-saturday-evening-post","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/2013\/12\/31\/kemal-pasha-by-isaac-f-marcosson-the-saturday-evening-post\/","title":{"rendered":"Kemal Pasha by Isaac F. Marcosson, THE SATURDAY EVENING POST"},"content":{"rendered":"

THE SATURDAY EVENING POST<\/p>\n

October 20, 1923
\nTHERE was a time when Angora was famous solely,
\nfor cats and goats. Today the shambling, timeworn
\ntown far up in the Anatolian hills has
\nanother, and world-wide significance. It is not
\nonly the capital of the reconstructed Turkish
\nGovernment and the seat therefore of the most
\npicturesque of all contemporary experiments
\nin democracy, but is likewise the home of
\nGhazi Mustapha Kemal Pasha\u2014to give him
\nhis full title\u2014who is distinct among the few
\nvital personalities revealed by the bitter
\nbackwash of the World War.<\/p>\n

Only Lenine and Mussolini vie with him
\nfor the center of that narrowing stage of compelling
\nleadership. Each of these three remarkable
\nmen has achieved a definite result
\nin a manner all his own. Lenine imposed an
\nautocracy through force and blood. Mussolini
\ncreated a personal and political dictatorship
\nin which he dramatized himself. Kemal
\nnot only led a beaten nation to victory and
\ndictated terms to the one-time conqueror, but
\nset up a new and unique system of administration.
\nLenine and Mussolini have almost been
\ndone to death by human or, in the case of the
\nsoviet overlord, inhuman interest historians.
\nKemal Pasha is still invested with an element
\nof mystery and aloofness largely begot of the
\nphysical inaccessibility of his position. To
\nthe average American he is merely a Turkish
\nname vaguely associated with some kind of
\nmilitary achievement. The British Dardanelles
\nExpedition know it much better, for he
\nfrustrated the fruits of that immense heroism
\nwritten in blood and agony on the shores of
\nGallipoli. The Greeks have an even costlier
\nknowledge, because he was the organizer of
\nthe victory that literally drove them into the
\nsea in one of the most complete debacles of
\nmodern times.<\/p>\n

At Angora I talked with this man in a
\ncritical hour of the war-born Turkish Government.
\nThe Lausanne Conference was at the
\nbreaking point. War or peace still hung in the
\nbalance. Only the day before, Rauf Bey, the
\nPrime Minister, had said to me: “If they [the Allies]
\nwant war they can have it.” The air was charged with
\ntension and uncertainty. Over the troubled scene brooded
\nthe unrelenting presence of the chieftain I had traveled
\nso far to see. Events, like the government itself, revolved
\nabout him.<\/p>\n

In difficulty of approach and in the grim and dramatic
\nquality of the setting, Anatolia was strongly reminiscent
\nof my journey a year ago to the Southern Chinese front to
\nsee Sun Yat-sen. Between him and Kemal exists a certain
\nsimilarity. Each is a sort of inspired leader. Each has his
\nkindling ideal of a self-determination that is the by-product
\nof fallen empire. Here the parallel ends. Kemal is the
\nman of blood and iron\u2014an orientalized Bismarck, as it
\nwere\u2014dogged, ruthless, invincible; while Sun Yat-sen
\nis the dreamer and visionary, eternal pawn of chance, and
\nwith as many political existences\u2014and I might add, governments-
\n-as the proverbial cat has lives.<\/p>\n

Turkey for the Turks
\nAS WITH men, so with the peoples behind them. You
\nhave another striking contrast. While China flounders
\nin well-nigh incredible political chaos, due to incessant
\nconflict of selfish purpose and lack of leadership, Turkey
\nhas emerged as a homogeneous nation for the first time in
\nits long and bloody history, with defined frontiers, a real
\nhomeland, and a nationalistic aim that may shape the
\ndestiny of the Mohammedan world, and incidentally affect
\nAmerican commercial aspirations in the Near East.
\n“Turkey for the Turks” is the new slogan. The instrument
\nand inspiration of the whole astonishing evolution\u2014it is
\nlittle less than a miracle when you realize that in 1919
\nTurkey was as prostrate as defeat and bankruptcy could
\nbring her\u2014has been Kemal Pasha.<\/p>\n

He was the real objective of my trip to Turkey. Constantinople
\nwith its gleaming mosques and minarets, and
\nstill a queen among cities despite its dingy magnificence,
\nhad its lure, but from the hour of my arrival on the shores
\nof the Golden Horn my interest was centered on Angora.
\nI had chosen a difficult time for the realization of this
\nambition. The Lausanne Conference was apparently
\nmired, and the long-awaited peace seemed more distant
\nthan ever. A state of war still existed. The army of occupation
\ngave the streets martial tone and color, while a vast
\nAllied fleet rode at anchor in the Bosporus or boomed at
\nKemal Pasha as Field Marshal of the Turkish
\nArmy. The Autograph Reads: “Ghazi Musta\u2022
\npha Kemal Pasha, Angora, July tith”
\ntarget practice in the Sea of Marmora. The capital in the
\nAnatolian hills had become even more inaccessible.
\nEvery barrier based on suspicion, aloofness and general
\nresentment of the foreigner\u2014the usual Turkish trilogy\u2014
\nall tied up with endless red tape, worked overtime. It was
\na combination disastrous to swift American action. My
\nsubsequent experiences emphasized the truth of the wellknown
\nKipling story which dealt with the fate of an energetic
\nYankee in the Orient whose epitaph read: “Here
\nlies a fool who tried to hustle the East.”
\nTo add to all this handicap begot of temperament and
\notherwise, the Turks had begun to realize, not without
\nirritation, that the consummation of the Chester Concession
\nwas not so easy as it looked on paper. The last civilian
\nwho successfully applied for permission to go to Angora
\nhad been compelled to linger at Constantinople seven
\nweeks before he got his vessica\u2014as a visa is called in Turkish.
\nTwo or three others had departed for home in disgust
\nafter four weeks of watchful and fruitless waiting. The
\nprospect was not promising.<\/p>\n

When I paid my respects to Rear Admiral Mark L.
\nBristol, the American High Commissioner, on my first
\nday in Constantinople, I invoked his aid in getting to
\nAngora. He promptly gave me a letter of introduction
\nto Dr. Adnan Bey, then the principal representative of
\nAngora in Constantinople, through whom all permits had
\nto pass.<\/p>\n

I went to see him at the famous Sublime Porte, the
\nForeign Office and the scene of so much sinister Turkish
\nhistory. Here the sordid tools of Abdul-Hamid, the Red
\nSultan, and others no less unscrupulous, lived their day.
\nI expected to find the structure almost as imposing as its
\nricher mate in history, the Mosque of St. Sophia. It
\nproved to be a dirty, rambling, yellow building without
\nthe slightest semblance of architectural beauty, and
\nstrongly in need of disinfecting.<\/p>\n

In Adnan Bey I found my first Turkish ally.Moreover,
\nI discovered him to be a man of the world with a broad
\nand generous outlook. An early aid of Kemal in the
\nprecarious days of the nationalist movement, he became
\nthe first vice president of the Angora Government.
\nMoreover, he had another claim to fame, for he is
\nthe husband of the renowned Halide Hanum, the
\nforemost woman reformer of Turkey, whom I
\nwas later to meet in interesting circumstances
\nat Munich, and whose story will be
\ndisclosed in a subsequent article. Adnan
\nBey, however, is not what we would call a
\nprofessional husband in America. Long before
\nhe rallied to the Kemalist cause he was
\nwidely known as one of the ablest physicians
\nin Turkey.<\/p>\n

He at once sent a telegram to Angora asking
\nfor my permission to go. This permission
\nis concretely embodied in a pass\u2014the aforesaid
\nvessica\u2014which is issued by the Constantinople
\nprefect of police. Back in the days of
\nthe Great War it was a difficult procedure to
\nget the so-called white pass which enabled
\nthe holder to go to the front. Compared with
\nthe coveted permission to visit Angora, that
\npass was about as inaccessible as a public
\nhandbill, as I was now to discover.
\nAdnan Bey told me that he would have an
\nanswer from Angora in about three days. I
\nfound that three days was like the Russian
\nword seichas which technically means “immediately”
\nbut when employed in action or
\nrather lack of action on its own ground, usually
\nspells “next month.”<\/p>\n

Red ,Tape Entanglements
\nAFTER a week passed the American Embassy
\ninquired of the Sublime Porte if they
\nhad heard about my application, but no word
\nhad come. A few days later Turkish officialdom
\nwent mad. An order was promulgated
\nthat no alien except of British, French or
\nItalian nationality could enter or leave Constantinople
\nwithout the consent of Angora.
\nPeople who had left Paris or London, and they
\nincluded various Americans, with existing credentials,
\nwere held up at the Turkish frontier,
\ndespite the fact that the order had been issued
\nafter they had started. Thanks to Admiral Bristol’s
\nprompt and persistent endeavors, the frontier ban was
\nlifted from Americans. Angora became swamped overnight
\nwith telegraphic protests and requests, and I felt that
\nmine was completely lost in the new and growing shuffle.
\nMeanwhile I had acquired a fine upstanding young Turk,
\nReschad Bey by name, who spoke English, French and
\nGerman fluently, as dragoman, which means courier and
\ninterpreter. No alien can go to Angora without such an
\naid, because, save in a few isolated spots, the only language
\nspoken in Anatolia is Turkish. Reschad Bey was really an
\ninheritance from Robert Imbrie, who had just retired
\nafter a year as American consul at Angora. Reschad Bey
\nhad been his interpreter. Much contact with Imbrie had
\nacquainted him with American ways and he thoroughly
\nsympathized with my impatience over the delay. He had
\na strong pull at Angora himself and sent some telegrams
\nto friends in my behalf.<\/p>\n

At the expiration of the second week Admiral Bristol
\nmade a personal appeal to Adnan Bey to expedite my permission,
\nand a second strong telegram went from the Sublime
\nPorte to Angora. Other Turkish and American individuals
\nwhom I had met added their requests by wire. Of
\ncourse I was occupied with other work, but I had only a
\nlimited amount of time at my disposal and when all was
\nsaid and done, Kemal was the principal prize of the trip
\nand I was determined to land him. Early in July therefore
\nI sent Reschad Bey to Angora to find out just what
\nthe situation was. He departed on the morning of the
\nFourth. When I returned to my hotel from attending the
\nIndependence Day celebration at the embassy I found a
\ntelegram from Angora addressed to Reschad Bey in my
\ncare from one of his friends in the government, saying that
\nmy permission to go to Angora had been wired nine days
\nbefore! Yet on the previous morning the Sublime Porte
\nhad declared that Angora was still silent on my request.
\nUpon investigation I found that in the tangle of red
\ntape at the prefecture of police the coveted telegram had
\nbeen shoved under a pile of papers and no one knew anything
\nabout it until a long search, instigated at my request,
\nhad disclosed the anxiously awaited message. It was a
\ntypically Turkish procedure, and just the kind of thing
\nthat might have happened at an official bureau anywhere
\nin China. Before Reschad Bey reported to me after his
\nreturn I had the ressica in my possession and was getting
\nready to start.
\nTHE SATURDAY EVENING POST 9
\nDifficult as was this first step, it was matched in
\nvarious handicaps by nearly every stage of the actual
\njourney. Again I was to run afoul of Turkish official
\ndecree.
\nIn ordinary circumstances, if I had been a Turk I
\ncould have boarded a train at Haidar Pasha, which is
\njust across the Bosporus by ferry from Constantinople
\nand the beginning of the Anatolian section of the
\nmuch-discussed Berlin-to-Bagdad Railway, and gone
\nwithout change to Angora in approximately twentyseven
\nhours. It happened, however, that the whole
\nTurkish Army of considerably more than 250,000 men
\nwas mobilized beyond Ismid and along the railroad
\nright of way. No alien was permitted to make this
\njourney. Instead of the comparatively easy trip by
\nrail\u2014I say ” comparatively ” advisedly\u2014he was compelled
\nto go by boat to Mudania, then by rail to Brusa,
\nand subsequently by motor all day across the Anatolian
\nplain to Kara Keuy, where he would pick up the
\ntrain from Haidar Pasha. Instead of twenty-seven
\nhours, this trip\u2014and it was the one I had to make\u2014
\ntook exactly fifty-five hours.
\nGoing to Angora these days is like making an expedition
\nto the heart of China or Africa. In the first
\nplace you must carry your own food. There are other
\npreliminaries. One of the most essential, even if it is
\nnot the most esthetic, is to secure half a dozen tins
\nof insect powder. The moment you leave Constantinople\u2014
\nand for that matter even while you are within
\nthe storied precincts of the great city\u2014you make the
\nacquaintance of endless little visitors of every conceivable
\nkind and bite. Apparently the average Turk
\nhas become more or less inured to the inroads of vermin,
\nbut even long experience with trench warfare
\ndoes not cure the European of aversion to it.
\nIt was on a brilliant sunlight Monday morning that
\nI left Constantinople for Angora. Admiral Bristol
\nhad placed a submarine chaser in command of Captain
\nT. H. Robbins at my disposal and we were therefore
\nable to dispense with the crowded and none too clean
\nTurkish boat. Accompanied by Lewis Heck, who had
\nbeen the first American High Commissioner to Turkey
\nafter the Armistice, and who now had a business mission
\nat Angora, and the faithful Reschad Bey, I made the
\njourney to Mudania across the Sea of Marmora in
\nfour hours, arriving at noon. Until November, 1922,
\nMudania was merely a spot on the Turkish map. After
\nthe Greek debacle, and when the British and Turkish
\narmies had come within a few feet of actual collision at
\nChanak, and war between the two powers seemed inevitable,
\nGeneral Sir Charles Harington, commander of the
\nBritish forces in Turkey, and Ismet Pasha\u2014the same Ismet
\nwho led the Allied delegates such a merry diplomatic chase
\nat Lausanne\u2014met here and arranged the famous truce
\nthat was the prelude to the first Lausanne Conference.
\nMadame Brotte and Her Hotel
\nOVE RNIG HT the village became famous. The small stone
\nhouse near the quay where the conference was held is now
\noccupied by a Turkish family and is overrun with children.
\nInstead of making the forty-mile journey to Brusa in the
\ntoy train that runs twice a day, we traveled in a brand-new
\nKemal With His Puppies
\nMadame Kama!
\nAmerican flivver just acquired by a
\nBrusa dealer, which had been ordered
\nby telegraph and which awaited us
\nat the dock. The hillsides were dark
\nwith a mass of olive trees, while in
\nthe valleys tobacco and corn grew in
\nabundance. The Anatolian peasant
\nis a thrifty and industrious soul and
\napparently had got back on the job
\nof reconstruction even while the Greek
\ntransports were fading out of sight.
\nLong before the muezzins sounded
\nfrom the minarets their musical calls
\nto sunset prayer we arrived in
\nBrusa, the ancient capital of Turkey,
\nand still a place of commercial importance.
\nHere we stopped the night
\nat the Hotel d’Anatolie, where I bade
\nfarewell to anything like comfort and convenience until
\nmy return there on my way back to Constantinople.
\nThis hotel is one of the famous institutions of Anatolia.
\nIt is owned by Madame Brotte, who is no less
\ndistinguished than her hostelry. Out in her pleasant
\ngarden, where we could listen to the musical flow of a
\ntiny cataract, this quaint old lady, still wearing the
\nwhite cap of the French peasant, told me her story.
\nShe had been born in Lyons, in France, eighty-four
\nyears ago, and came to Anatolia with her father, a silk
\nexpert, when she was twenty-one. Brusa is the center
\nof the Turkish silk industry, which was founded and is
\nstill largely operated by the French. Madame had
\nmarried the proprietor of the hotel shortly after her
\nadvent, and on his death took over the operation.
\nWars, retreats and devastations beat about her, but
\nshe maintained her serene way. She had lived in Turkey
\nso long that she mixed Turkish words with her
\nFrench. Listening to her patter in that fragrant environment,
\nand with the memory of the excellent French
\ndinner she had<\/p>\n

\"Untitled
\nserved, made it difficult for me to realize
\nthat I was in Anatolia and not in France.
\nAnatolia, let me add, is bone-dry so far as alcohol is
\nconcerned. The one regret that madame expressed was
\nthat the Turks sealed up her wine cellar, and only heaven
\nand Angora knew when those seals would be lifted. It
\nis worth mentioning that during the eight days I spent
\nin Anatolia I never saw a drop of liquor. It is about
\nthe only place in the world where prohibition seems to
\nprohibit. Constantinople is a different, and later, story.
\nIn Madame Brotte I got another evidence of a curious
\nformula of colonial expansion. When you knock
\nabout the world, and especially the outlying places,
\nyou discover that certain races follow definite rules when
\nthey are implanted in foreign soil. The first thing that
\nThe Kemal Home at Angora
\nI now had my first contact with what has been well
\ncalled the Anatolian qxcart symphony. It is the weirdest
\nperhaps of all sounds, and is emitted from the ungreased
\nwood-wheeled carts drawn by oxen or water buffalo, which
\nprovide the only available vehicle for the Turkish farmer.
\nThere has been no change in its noise or construction since
\nthe days of Saul of Tarsus. It is a violation of etiquette
\nfor the driver of one of these carts\u2014the roads are alive with
\nthem\u2014to be awake in transit, incredible as this seems when
\nyou have heard the frightful noise. He awakes only when
\nthe screech stops. Silence is his alarm clock. These carts
\ndo about fifteen miles a day. When the Greeks had the
\nimportant Southern Turkish ports bottled up, all of Kemal’s
\nsupplies were hauled in these carts for over two hundred
\nmiles to Angora.
\nThe farther we traveled the more did the country take
\non the aspect of Northern France after the war. Hollyhocks
\nwere growing in the shell holes, and there were always
\nthe gaunt, stark ruins of a house or village sentineling the
\nlandscape. We passed through the village of In Onu, where
\nthe Greeks and the Turks had met in bloody battle, and
\njust as the sun was setting we drew up at Kara Keuy,
\nwhich is merely a railway station flanked by a few of the
\ncoffeehouses that you find everywhere in Turkey. A contingent
\nof Turkish troops was encamped near by. Before
\nwe could get coffee we had to submit our papers for examination
\nby the police.
\nAn hour later the train that had left Haidar Pasha that
\nmorning pulled in. We bagged a first-class compartment
\nand started on the final lap to Angora. Midnight found
\nus at Eski-Shehr, once a considerable town, where the
\nGreeks and the Turks were at death grips for months.
\nAfter the Turkish retirement in 1921 the town was burnt
\nby the Greeks. No sooner was I on the train and trying
\n(Continued on Page 14I)
\nthe English do is to start a bank. The Spanish invariably
\nbuild a church, while the French set up a caf\u00e9.
\nSo it was in Anatolia.
\nIt was with a certain regret that I bade farewell the
\nnext morning to the dear old French dame. In the
\nsame flivver that brought us up from Mudania we
\nstarted on the all-day run to Kara Keuy. At the outskirts
\nof Brusa I saw the first tangible signs of the
\nGreek disaster. Ditched along the roadside were
\nhundreds of motor trucks\u2014unwilling gifts from the
\nGreeks\u2014which the Turks had not even taken the
\ntrouble to remove or salvage. As we swung into
\nthe open country ruined farmhouses met the gaze on
\nevery side. Whole villages had been wiped out when
\nthe Greeks had pressed on for what they had fondly
\nbelieved to be the capture of Angora. They came
\nback much faster than they advanced.
\nTravel by Oxcart
\nWE WERE in the real Anatolia. This mellifluous
\nname, rivaled in beauty of sound only by Mesopotamia,
\nmeans “the place where the sun rises.” It had
\nlong shone on people and events bound up in the
\nnarrative of all human and spiritual progress, for we
\nnow skirted what might be called the rim of the cradle
\nof mankind. Across these plains had stalked the
\nstately and immortal figures of Biblical days. Here
\nthe armies of Alexander and Pompey had camped,
\nand the famous Gordian knot was cut. Here, too,
\npassed the mailed crusaders on the road to Jerusalem,
\nand amid the green hills that rose to the left and right
\nthe civilization of the Near East was born.
\nfflflfWVItrolfolrftf
\n144iltalf 4J..44.4,1.44.4.4
\nritpg !
\nAola
\n-“,*
\nTHE SfITURDAY EVENING POST 141
\nTEZETEL PZOIEZ
\n(Continued from Page 9)
\nto get some sleep on the hard seat, for Pullmans
\nare unknown in Turkey, than I began
\nto make the acquaintance of the little travelers
\nwho had put the itch into Anatolia.
\nThey are the persistent little Nature guides
\nto discomfort.
\nFor hours the country had become more
\nand more rugged. The fertile, lowlands
\nwith their fields of waving corn and grateful
\ngreen were now far behind. As we
\nclimbed steadily into the hills we could see
\noccasional flocks of Angora goats. It was a
\ndull, bleak prospect, but every inch of
\nground, as far as the eye could see, and beyond,
\nhad been f ought over.
\nAt nine o’clock the next morning we
\ncrossed a narrow stream that wound lazily
\nalong. Although insignificant in appearance,
\nlike most of the other historic rivers,
\nit will be immortalized in Turkish song and
\ntradition. In all the years to come the
\nquaint story-tellers whom you find in the
\nbazaars will recount the epic story of what
\nhappened along its rocky banks. This
\ninconsequential-looking river was the famous
\nSakaria, which marked the high tide
\nof the Greek offensive and the place where
\nKemal Pasha’s army made its last desperate
\nstand. Very near the point where we
\ncrossed, the Greeks were hurled back and
\ntheir offensive broken. What the Marne
\nmeans to France and the Piave to Italy,
\nthat is the Sakaria to the new Turkey. It
\nmarks the spot where rose the star of hope.
\nAlmost before I realized it a pall of
\nsmoke, the invariable outpost of a city,
\nloomed ahead. Then I saw scattered
\nmosques and minarets stark and white in
\nthe sunlight, and before long we were in
\nAngora. The railway station is in the outskirts
\nof the town and I had to drive for
\nmore than a mile to get to my lodging.
\nDespite the discomforts of the trip I
\nmust confess to something of a thrill when
\nI stepped from the train. At last I was in
\na capital without: precedent, perhaps, in
\nthe history of civilization. After their
\ntemporary sojourn first at Erzerum and
\nthen at Sivas, the Kemalists had set up
\ntheir governmental shop in this squalid,
\ndilapidated and half-burned village at one
\nrailhead of the Anatolian road. It was not
\nwithout its historical association because
\nonce the crusaders camped here, and later
\nTamerlane the Terrible had overwhelmed
\nthe Sultan Bayezid in a famous battle and
\ncarried him off to the East as prisoner.
\nAngora, the Strange Capital
\nAlmost overnight the population had
\ngrown from ten thousand to sixty thousand.
\nWith the advent of the Grand National
\nAssembly, as the Turkish parliament is
\ncalled, came the cabinet, all the members
\nof the government, and the innumerable
\nhuman appendages of national administration.
\nUntil the overthrow of the Greeks
\nlast year, Angora was also the general headquarters
\nof the Turkish Army and its chief
\nsupply base.
\nThen, as now, Angora was more like a
\nWestern mining town in the first flush of
\na boom than the capital of a government
\nwhose future is a source of concern in
\nevery European chancellery. Every house,
\nindeed every excuse for a habitation, is
\npacked and jammed with people. Imbrie,
\nthe American consul, was forced to live for
\na year in a freight car which was placed at
\nhis disposal by the government. Moreover,
\nhe had to struggle hard to hang on to
\nthis makeshift home. The shops are primitive,
\nand there are only two restaurants
\nthat a European could patronize.
\nHotels as we know them do not exist.
\nThe nearest approach is the so-called han,
\nwhich is the Turkish. word for house.
\nThe average Turkish village han for travelers
\nis merely a whitewashed structure
\nwith a quadrangle, where caravan drivers
\npark their mules or camels at night and sleep
\nupstairs on platforms. It is full of atmosphere,
\nand other things more visible.
\nIf you have any doubt about the patriotism
\nwhich animates the new Turkish
\nmovement you have only to go to Angora
\nto have it dispelled. Amid an almost indescribable
\nlack of comfort you find high
\nofficials, many of them former ambassadors
\nwho once lived in the ease and luxury of
\nLondon, Paris, Berlin, Rome or Vienna,
\ndoing their daily tasks with fortitude.
\n‘ Happily I had taken out some insurance
\nagainst the physical discomfort that is the
\nlot of every visitor to Angora. After
\nKemal’s residence, about the only one fit
\nto occupy is the building remodeled for
\nthe use of the Near East Relief workers,
\nwhich had lately been acquired by the
\nrepresentatives of the Chester Concession.
\nBefore leaving Constantinople I got permission
\nto occupy this establishment, and
\nit was a godsend in more ways than one.
\nBy some miracle, but due mainly to the
\nthree old Armenian servants whom I kept
\nbusy scrubbing the floors and airing the
\ncots, I had no use for my insect powder.
\nIn fact I carried it back with me to Constantinople
\nand exchanged it for some other
\nand more aesthetic commodities.
\nThis reference to the Chester Concession
\nrecalls a striking fact which was borne in
\nupon me before I had been in Angora half
\na day. Everybody, from the most ragged
\nbootblack up, not only knows all about the
\nconcession but regards it as the unfailing
\npanacea for Turkish wealth and expansion.
\nAsk a Turkish peasant about it and he will
\ntell you that it means a railroad siding on
\nhis farm next month. There is a blind, almost
\npathetic faith in the ability of the
\nChester concessionaires to work an economic
\ntransformation. This is one reason
\nwhy in Angora as elsewhere in Turkey the
\nAmerican is, for the moment, the favorite
\nalien. But the whole Chester matter will
\nbe taken up in a later article.
\nReasons for the Choice
\nBy this time you will have asked the
\nquestion, Why did the Turks pick this
\nunkempt apology of a town as their capital?
\nThe answer is interesting. The first consideration
\nwas defense. Angora is more
\nthan two hundred miles from the sea, and
\nany invading army, as the Greeks found
\nout to their cost, must live on the country.
\nEven in case of immediate attack there is
\na wild and rugged hinterland which affords
\nan avenue of escape. But this is merely
\nthe external reason.
\nIf a Turk is candid he will tell you that
\nperhaps the real motive for all this isolation
\nis to keep the personnel of the government
\nout of mischief. At Constantinople the
\nofficial is on the old stamping ground of
\nillicit official intercourse. The Nationalist
\nGovernment is taking no chances during its
\nperiod of transition. It was Kemal Pasha
\nwho selected Angora, and in this choice
\nyou have a hint of the man’s discretion.
\nAlthough the Turks maintain that Angora
\nis the permanent seat of government and
\nthat the unwilling foreign governments
\nmust sooner or later establish themselves
\nthere, it is probably only a question of
\nyears until Constantinople will come back
\nto its own as capital. Meanwhile Angora
\nwill continue to be the Washington of the
\nnew Turkey, while Constantinople will be
\nits New York.
\nThe principal thoroughfare of Angora is
\nunpaved, rambling, and the fierce sun beats
\ndown upon its incessant dust and din. At
\none end is a low stucco building flying the
\nred Turkish flag with its white star and
\ncrescent. Here, after the personality of
\nKemal, is what might be called the soul
\nof the Turkish Government. It is the seat
\nof the Grand National Assembly. In it
\nKemal was elected president, and here the
\nLausanne Treaty was confirmed.
\nOver the president’s chair hangs this
\npassage from the Koran: “Solve your
\nproblems by meeting together and discussing
\nthem.” In Kemal’s office just across
\nthe hall is another maxim from the same
\nsource, which says: “And consult them in
\nruling.” In this last-quoted sentence you
\nhave the keynote of Kemal’s creed, because
\nup to this time he has carefully avoided the
\nprerogatives of dictatorship, although to all
\nintents and purposes he is a dictator, and
\ncould easily continue to be one, for it is no
\nexaggeration to say that he is the idol of
\nTurkey. His picture hangs in every shop
\nand residence.
\nThe Grand National Assembly is unique
\namong all parliamentary bodies in that it
\nnot only elects the president of the body,
\nwho is likewise the executive head of the
\nnation, but it also designates the members
\nof the cabinet, including the premier. By
\nthis procedure a government cannot fall,
\nas is the case in England or France, when
\nthe premier fails to get a vote of confidence.
\nIf a cabinet minister is found undesirable
\nhe is removed by the legislative body, a
\nsuccessor is named, and the business of the
\ngovernment goes on without interruption
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\n14 2
\nTHE SATURDAY EVENING POST<\/p>\n

October 20,1923
\nThe delegates to the Assembly are, of
\ncourse, elected by the people.
\nBut all this is by way of introduction. I
\nwas in the ken of Kemal and the job now
\nwas to see him. I had arrived at noon on a
\nWednesday and promptly sent Reschad
\nBey to see Rauf Bey, the premier, to whom
\nI had a letter of introduction from Admiral
\nBristol. The cabinet was in almost continuous
\nsession on account of the crisis at
\nLausanne, and I was unable to see him
\nuntil the following morning at nine.
\nI spent three hours with him in the
\nforeign office, a tiny stucco building meagerly
\nfurnished, but alive with the personality
\nof its chief occupant. Rauf Bey is
\nthe sailor premier\u2014he was admiral of the
\nold Turkish Navy\u2014and has the frank,
\nblunt, wholesome manner of the seafaring
\nman. He is the only member of the cabinet,
\nby the way, who speaks English, and he
\ntold me that he had visited Roosevelt at the
\nWhite House in 1903. He was one of the
\nprominent Turks deported by the British
\nto Malta in 1920. In exile, he said, his
\nchief solace was in the intermittent copies
\nof THE SATURDAY EVENING POST which
\nreached him through friendly naval officers.
\nHe had read these magazines so thoroughly
\nthat he quoted long extracts from them.
\nHe had been particularly interested in an
\narticle of mine about General Smuts, whose
\nideal of self-determination has helped to
\nshape the new Turkish policy.
\nIt was Rauf Bey who made the appointment
\nfor me to see Kemal Pasha at his
\nhouse on the following afternoon at five
\no’clock. The original plan was for both of
\nus to dine there that evening. Subsequently
\nthis was changed because, as Rauf
\nBey put it, “The Ghazi’s in-laws are visiting
\nhim, and his house is crowded.” By
\nusing the term “in-laws” you can see how
\nquickly Rauf Bey had adapted himself to
\nWestern phraseology.
\nThe premier’s reference to the Ghazi requires
\nan explanation. Ordinarily Kemal is
\nreferred to in Angora by the proletariat as
\nthe Pasha. The educated Turk, however,
\ninvariably gives him his later title of
\nGhazi, voted by the assembly, which is the
\nTurkish word for “conqueror.” Since that
\nfateful day in 1453 when Mohammed the
\nConqueror battered down the gates of Constantinople
\nand the Moslem era on the
\nBosporus began, the proud title has been
\nconferred on only three men. One was
\nTopal Osman Pasha, the hero of Plevna;
\nthe second was Mukhtar Pasha, the conqueror
\nof the Greeks in the late ’90’s, while
\nthe third was Mustapha Kemal.
\nFriday, the thirteenth, came and with it
\nthe long-awaited interview with Kemal. He
\nlives in a kiosk, as the Turks call a villa, at
\nTchau Kaya, a sort of summer settlement
\nabout five miles beyond Angora. Motor
\ncars are scarce in Angora, so I had to drive
\nout in a low-necked carriage. Reschad Bey
\nwent along. He was not present at the
\ntalk with Kemal, however.
\nThe Ghazi’s Residence
\nAs we neared Kemal’s abode we began
\nto encounter troops, who increased in numbers
\nthe farther we went. These soldiers
\nrepresented one of the many precautions
\ntaken to safeguard Kemal’s life because he
\nis in hourly danger of assassination by some
\nenraged Greek or Armenian. Several attempts
\nhave already been made to shoot
\nhim, and in one instance his companion, a
\nTurkish officer, was seriously wounded by
\nthe would-be assassin.
\nTwo previous Turkish leaders, both of
\nthem tools of the Germans, the notorious
\nTalaat Pasha and his mate in crime, the no
\nless odious Enver Pasha, met violent deaths
\nafter the World War. But Kemal represents
\na different kind of stewardship.
\nSoon an attractive white stone house,
\nfaced with red, surmounting a verdant hill,
\nand surrounded by a neat garden and
\nalmond orchard, came into view. At the
\nright was a smaller stone cottage. Reschad
\nBey, who had been there before, informed
\nme that this was Kemal’s establishment,
\nwhich was the gift of the Turkish nation.
\nI might have otherwise known it because
\nthe guard of sentries became thicker. When
\nwe reached the entrance we were stopped
\nby a sergeant and asked to tell our business.
\nReschad Bey told the man that I had an
\nappointment with the Ghazi and he took
\nmy card inside.
\nIn a few moments he returned and escorted
\nus into the little stone cottage, which
\nKemal uses as a reception room. Here I
\nfound the Ghazi’s father-in-law, Mouammer
\nOuchakay Bey, who is the richest
\nmerchant of Smyrna and who incidentally
\nwas the first Turkish member of the New
\nYork and New Orleans cotton exchanges.
\nHe had visited America frequently and
\ntherefore spoke English. He told me that
\nKemal was engaged in a cabinet meeting
\nand would see me shortly.
\nMeanwhile I looked about the room,
\nwhich was filled with souvenirs of Kemal’s
\nfame and place in the Turkish heart. On
\none wall was the inevitable Koran inscription.
\nThis one read, “God has taught the
\nKoran.” There were various memorials
\nbeautifully inscribed on vellum, expressing
\nthe homage of Turkish cities, and also magnificent
\njeweled gift swords. But what impressed
\nme most was the life-size portrait
\nof a sweet-faced old Turkish woman that
\nhad the most conspicuous place in the
\nchamber. I knew without being told that
\nthis was Kemal’s mother. It was on her
\ngrave that he swore vengeance against the
\nGreeks, who had once driven her out of her
\nhome. I had heard this tale many times,
\nand Mouammer Bey and others confirmed
\nit. Happily for the mother, she lived long
\nenough to see her son the well-beloved of
\nthe Turkish people.
\nKenzal’s Steely Eye
\nI had just launched into a discussion of
\nthe Turkish economic future with Mouammer
\nBey when Kemal’s aid, a well-groomed
\nyoung lieutenant in khaki, entered and said
\nthat the Ghazi was ready to see n e. With
\nhim I crossed a small courtyard, went
\ndown a narrow passage, and found myself
\nin the drawing-room of the main residence.
\nIt was furnished in the most approved
\nEuropean style. In one corner was a grand
\npiano; opposite was a row of well-filled
\nbookcases, many of the volumes French,
\nwhile on the walls hung more gift swords.
\nIn the adjoining room I could see a group
\nof men sitting around a large round table
\namid a buzz of rapid talk. It was the Turkish
\ncabinet in session, and they were discussing
\nthe latest telegrams from Lausanne,
\nwhere Ismet Pasha, minister of foreign
\naffairs, and the only absent member, had,
\nonly the day before, delivered the Turkish
\nultimatum on the Chester Concession and
\nthe Turkish foreign debt. Economic war,
\nor worse, hung in the balance.
\nAs I advanced, Rauf Bey came out and escorted
\nme into the room where the cabinet
\nsat. There was a quick group introduction.
\nI had eyes, however, for only one person.
\nIt was tke tall figure that rose from its
\nplace at the head of the table and came
\ntowards me with hand outstretched. I had
\nseen endless pictures of Kemal and I was
\ntherefore familiar with his appearance. He
\nis the type to dominate men or assemblages,
\nfirst by reason of his imposing stature, for
\nhe is nearly six feet tall, with a superb chest,
\nshoulders and military bearing; then by the
\nalmost uncanny power of his eyes, which
\nare the most remarkable I have ever seen
\nin a man, and I have talked with the late
\nJ. P. Morgan, Kitchener and Foch. Kemal’s
\neyes are steely blue, cold, stony, and as
\npenetrating as they are implacable. He has
\na trick of narrowing them when he meets a
\nstranger. At first glance he looks German,
\nfor he is that rare Turkish human exhibit, a
\nblond.
\nHis yellow hair was brushed back straight
\nfrom the forehead. The lack of coloring
\nin his broad face and the high cheek
\nbones refute the Teutonic impression. He
\nreally looks like a pallid Slay. Few people
\nhave ever seen Kemal smile. In the two
\nhours and a half that I spent with him his
\nfeatures went through the semblance of relaxation
\nonly once. He is like a man with
\nan iron mask, and that mask is his natural
\nf ace.
\nI expected to find him in uniform. Instead
\nhe was smartly turned out in a black
\nmorning coat with gray striped trousers
\nand patent-leather shoes. He wore a wing
\ncollar and a blue-and-yellow four-in-hand
\ntie. He looked as if he was about to pay his
\nrespects to a fashionable hostess at a reception
\nin Park Lane, London, or Fifth Avenue,
\nNew York. Kemal, I might add, has always
\nbeen a stickler for dress. He introduced the
\ncalpac, the high astrakhan cap which has
\nsucceeded the long-familiar red fez as the
\nproper Turkish headgear, and which is a
\nbadge of Nationalism.
\nRauf Bey introduced me to Kemal in
\nthe cabinet room. After we had exchanged
\nthe customary salutations in French he
\nsaid, ” Perhaps we had better go into the
\nnext room for our talk and leave the cabinet
\nto its deliberations.” With this he led
\n(Continued on Page 144)
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\n’44 THE SATURDAY EVENING POST October 20,1923
\n(Continued from Page 142)
\nthe way into the adjacent salon. With Rauf
\nBey at my right and Kemal on the left, we
\nsat down at a small table. A butler, no less
\nwell groomed than his master, brought the
\ninevitable thick Turkish coffee and cigarettes.
\nThe interview began.
\nAlthough the Ghazi knows both French
\nand German, he prefers to talk Turkish
\nthrough an interpreter. After I had expressed,
\nagain in my alleged French, the
\ngreat pleasure I had in meeting him, Rauf
\nBey interposed the statement that perhaps
\nit might be best for the great man to carry
\non in his own language. This was agreed
\nupon, and henceforth the premier acted as
\nintermediary.
\nKemal had somehow heard of the difficulties
\nand delays which had attended my
\ntrip to Angora. He at once apologized, saying
\nthat in the handicaps that beset administration
\nin such a place as Angora such
\nthings were liable to happen. Then he
\nadded, “I am very glad you came. We
\nwant Americans in Turkey, for they can
\nbest understand our aspirations.”
\nThen, straight from the shoulder, as it
\nwere, and in the concise, clear-cut way he
\nhas of expressing himself \u2014it is almost like
\nan officer giving a command\u2014he asked,
\n” What do you want me to tell you?”
\n“First of all,” I replied, “can you give
\nme some kind of message to the American
\npeople?”
\nThere was method in this query because
\nI knew that he felt friendly toward Americans
\nand that it would immediately loosen
\nthe flow of speech. It is a maneuver in interviewing
\ntaciturn people that seldom
\nfails to launch the talk waves.
\nRdmiration for Washington
\nWithout the slightest hesitation\u2014and
\nI might add that throughout the entire
\nconversation he never faltered for a reply\u2014
\nhe said:
\n” With great pleasure. The ideal of the
\nUnited States is our ideal. Our National
\nPact, promulgated by the Grand National
\nAssembly in January, 1920, is precisely
\nlike your Declaration of Independence.
\nIt only demands freedom of our Turkish
\nland from the invader and control of our
\nown destiny. Independence, that is all.
\nIt is the charter and covenant of our people,
\nand this charter we propose to defend at
\nany cost.
\n“Turkey and America are both democracies.
\nIn fact the Turkish Government at
\npresent is the most democratic in the world.
\nIt is based on the absolute sovereignty of
\nthe people, and the Grand National Assembly,
\nits representative body, is the
\njudicial, legislative and executive power.
\nBetween Turkey and America as sister
\ndemocracies there should be the closest relations.
\n” In the field of economic relations Turkey
\nand the United States can work together to
\nthe greatest mutual advantage. Our rich
\nand varied national resources should prove
\nattractive to American capital. We welcome
\nAmerican assistance in our development
\nbecause, unlike the capital of any
\nother country, American money is free
\nfrom the political intrigue that animates
\nthe dealings of European nations with us.
\nIn other words, American capital does not
\nraise the flag as soon as it is invested.
\n“We have already given one concrete
\nevidence of our faith and confidence in
\nAmerica by granting the Chester Concession.
\nIt is really a tribute to the American
\npeople.
\n“All my life I have had inspiration in the
\nlives and deeds of Washington and Lincoln.
\nBetween the original Thirteen States and
\nthe new Turkey is a curious kinship. Your
\nearly Americans threw off the British yoke.
\nTurkey has thrown off the old yoke of empire
\nwith all the graft and corruption that
\nit carried, and what was worse, the selfish
\nmeddling of other nations. America struggled
\nthrough to independence and prosperity.
\nWe are now in the midst of travail
\nwhich is witnessing the birth of a nation.
\nWith American help we will achieve our
\naim.”
\nThen leaning forward, and with the only
\nanimation he displayed throughout the
\nwhole interview, he asked:
\n“Do you know why Washington and
\nLincoln have always appealed to me? I
\nwill tell you why. They worked solely for
\nthe glory and emancipation of the United
\nStates, while most other Presidents seemed
\nto have worked for their own deification.
\nThe highest form of public service is unselfish
\neffort.”
\n“What is your ideal of government?”
\nI now asked. ” In other words, do you still
\nbelieve in Pan-Islam and in the Pan-
\nTuranianism idea?”
\n“I will tell you briefly,” was the response.
\n” Pan-Islam represented a federation based
\non the community of religion. Pan-
\nTuranianism embodied the same kind of
\ncommunity of effort and ambition, based on
\nrace. Both were wrong. The idea of Pan-
\nIslam really died centuries ago at the gates
\nof Vienna, at the farthest north of the Turkish
\nadvance in Europe. Pan-Turanianism
\nperished on the plains of the East.
\n“Both of these movements were wrong
\nbecause they were based on the idea of conquest,
\nwhich means force and imperialism.
\nFor many years imperialism dominated
\nEurope. But imperialism is doomed. You
\nfind the answer in the wreck of Germany,
\nAustria, Russia, and in the Turkey that
\nwas. Democracy is the hope of the human
\nrace.
\n” You may think it strange that a Turk
\nand a soldier like myself who has been bred
\nto war should talk this way. But this is
\nprecisely the idea that is behind the new
\nTurkey. We want no force, no conquest.
\nWe want to be let alone and permitted to
\nwork out our own economic and political
\ndestiny. Upon this is reared the whole
\nstructure of the new Turkish democracy,
\nwhich, let me add, represents the American
\nidea, with this difference\u2014we are one big
\nstate while you are forty-eight.
\n“My idea of nationalism is that of a people
\nof kindred birth, religion and temperament.
\nFor hundreds of years the Turkish
\nEmpire was a conglomerate human mass in
\nwhich Turks formed the minority. We had
\nother so-called minorities, and they have
\nbeen the source of most of our troubles.
\nThat, and the old idea of conquest. One
\nreason why Turkey fell into decay was
\nthat she was exhausted by this very business
\nof difficult rulership. The old empire was
\nmuch too big and it laid itself open to trouble
\nat every turn.
\n“But that old idea of force, conquest and
\nexpansion is dead in Turkey forever. Our
\nold empire was Ottoman. It meant force.
\nIt is now banished from the vocabulary.
\nWe are now Turks\u2014only Turks. This is
\nwhy we want a Turkey of the Turks, based
\non that ideal of self-determination which
\nwas so well expressed by Woodrow Wilson.
\nIt means nationalism, but not the kind of
\nselfish nationalism that has frustrated selfdetermination
\nin so many parts of Europe.
\nNor does it mean arbitrary tariff walls and
\nfrontiers. It does signify the open door to
\ntrade, economic regeneration, a real territorial
\npatriotism as embodied in a homeland.
\nAfter all these years of blood and
\nconquest the Turks have at last attained a
\nfatherland. Its frontiers have been defined,
\nthe troublesome minorities are dispersed,
\nand it is behind these frontiers that we
\npropose to make our stand and work out
\nour own salvation. We propose to be
\nmasters in our own house.”
\nKemal’s Constructive Program
\nAgain he leaned toward me and said in
\nhis sharp staccato fashion:
\n“Do you know what has obstructed European
\npeace and reconstruction? Simply
\nthis\u2014the interference of one nation with another.
\nIt is part of the selfish grasping nationalism
\nto which I have already referred.
\nIt has led to the substitution of politics for
\neconomics. The German reparations tangle
\nis only one example. The curse of the world
\nis petty politics.
\n“There are nations who would block our
\nhard-won Turkish independence; who decry
\nour nationalism and say it is merely a
\ncamouflage to hide the desire for conquest
\nof our neighbors on the east, and who maintain
\nthat we are not capable of economic
\nadministration. Well, they shall see.
\n“The first and foremost idea of the new
\nTurkey is not political but economic. We
\nwant to be part of the world of production
\nas well as of consumption.”
\n” What specific aid can the United States
\nrender this new Turkey of yours?” I asked.
\n“Many things,” came from the blond
\ngiant at my left. “Turkey is essentially a
\npastoral land. We must stand or fall by
\nour agriculture. In the program for regeneration
\nthree main activities stand out.
\nThey are agriculture, transportation and
\nhygiene, for the death rate in our villages is
\nappallingly large.
\n“First take agriculture. We must develop
\na whole new science of farming, first
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\nTHE SJITURD.RY EVENING POST<\/p>\n

145
\nthrough the introduction of tractors and
\nother modern farm machinery. We must
\ndevelop new crops, such as cotton, and
\nexpand our old ones, such as tobacco. The
\nmotor, whether on the highway or the farm,
\nwill be our first aid.
\n“Transportation is equally vital. Before
\nthe World War the Germans had laid out a
\ncomprehensive scheme of transportation for
\nTurkey, but it was based upcn economic
\nabsorption of the country by them. Happily
\nwe are rid of the Germans, and so far
\nas I am concerned, they will never get back
\nto authority. We look to America to develop
\nour much-needed railroads. This is
\none reason why we gave them the Chester
\nConcession. I hope that the Americans
\nrealize what this concession means to us.
\nIt is not only the hope of adequate transport,
\nbut the building of new ports and the
\nexploitation of our national resources,
\nprincipally oil.
\n“In the matter of hygiene we have already
\ninstalled a ministry of sanitation as
\npart of the cabinet and every effort will be
\nmade to prevent the infant mortality. Here
\nAmerica can again help.
\n“While I am on the matter of economics
\nlet me deal with another question of vital
\nimportance to the new Turkey. The
\ntragedy of Turkey in the past was the
\nselfish attitude of the great European
\npowers towards one another in respect of
\nher commercial development. It was the
\ninevitable result of the great game of concession
\ngrabbing. The powers were like
\ndogs in a manger. If they failed in their
\ndesires they made it their business to keep
\nrivals out as well. It is precisely what has
\nbeen going on in China for years, but they
\nwill make no China out of Turkey. We
\nwill insist upon the open door for everybody,
\nas it was enunciated by John Hay, and
\nequality of opportunity for all. If the European
\npowers do not like this procedure
\nthey can keep out.”
\n“What is your panacea for the present
\nworld malady?” I next asked.
\n“Intelligent cooperation and not unintelligent
\nsuspicion and distrust,” was the
\nswift retort.
\n“Is the League of Nations the remedy?”
\nI continued.
\n“Yes and no,” came from Kemal. “The
\nLeague’s error lies in that it sets up certain
\nnations to rule, and other nations to be
\nruled. The Wilsonian idea of self-determination
\nseems to be strangely lost.”
\nWhen I asked Kemal if he was in favor of
\nallying Turkey with the League of Nations
\nhe answered:
\n“Conditionally, but the League as at
\npresent operated remains an experiment.”
\nOn two significant subjects Kemal has
\nviews of peculiar interest. They are Germany
\nand Bolshevism.
\nII Subtle Game
\nI am betraying no confidence when I say
\nthat long before the Great War, which
\nproved so costly to his. country largely because
\nof German conspyacy, he persistently
\nopposed the German intrigue at Constantinople.
\nIt was his violent objection to
\neverything German that caused Enver
\nPasha, who with Talaat Pasha divided the
\nmastery of government during the war, to
\nseek to break him in the army service and
\nget him out of the way.
\nInstead of ending Kemal’s career Enver
\nprovided him with the means of redeeming
\nTurkey and making himself the national
\nhero. Kemal’s antagonism to the Germans
\ntoday is no less pronounced.
\nWith the Bolshevists Kemal played a
\nsubtle and winning game. In the early days
\nof the Nationalist movement he had urgent
\nneed of arms and munitions. He angled
\nwith Moscow until he got what he wanted
\nin the shape of supplies, and then gave
\nthem the cold shoulder. At that time the
\nBolshevists looked upon the new Turks as
\nheaven-born allies for the red conquest of
\nthe whole Near East. They were the first
\nto recognize the Angora Government, and
\nstill maintain an elaborate mission there.
\nKemal and his chief colleagues are convinced
\nthat Bolshevism has passed the peak
\nand is on the down grade. If the ” Bolos ”
\nthink that they have a willing tool in
\nKemal they have another guess coming.
\nUpon one subject of universal interest,
\nthe emancipation of Turkish women, Kemal
\nhas definite opinions. He not only favors
\nthe ultimate banishment of the veil but
\nwants woman to be part and parcel of the
\npublic life. His views run in this wise:
\n“Our women ought to be the equal of
\nmen in education and activity. From the
\nearliest times of Islam there have been
\nwomen savants, authors and orators, as well
\nas women who opened schools and delivered
\nlectures. The Moslem religion even
\norders women to educate themselves to the
\nsame standard as men. In the war with the
\nGreeks Turkish women replaced the absent
\nmen in all kinds of work at home, and
\neven undertook the transport of munitions
\nand supplies for the army. It was done in
\nresponse to a true sociological principle\u2014
\nnamely, that women should collaborate
\nwith men in making society better and
\nstronger.
\n“It is supposed that in Turkey women
\npass their lives in inactivity and in idleness.
\nThat is a calumny. In the whole of Turkey,
\nexcept in large towns, the women work
\nside by side with the men in the fields, and
\nparticipate in the national work generally.
\nIt is only in large towns that Turkish
\nwomen are sequestered by their husbands.
\nThis arises from the fact that our women
\nveil and cloister themselves more than their
\nreligion orders. Tradition has gone too far
\nin this respect.”
\nDuring the whole interview, save for the
\ntwo occasions when he leaned forward to
\nemphasize his points, Kemal had sat erect
\nin his chair, smoking cigarettes continually.
\nThe only time there was the slightest
\nindication of a break in those stony features
\nwas when we started to discuss more or less
\npersonal affairs at the end of the talk, and
\nwhen I told him that I had not married
\nbecause ‘I traveled so much and that no
\nwife would stand such incessant action.
\nHe thereupon said: “I have only lately
\nmarried myself.”
\nMadame Kemal
\nThis naturally leads to the romance in
\nKemal’s life. Like other men of iron he
\nhas his one vulnerable point, and having
\nmet Madame Kemal I can understand why
\nhe succumbed. I heard the whole story at
\nfirst hand and in this fashion:
\nWhile we were in the midst of the interview
\nthe butler entered and whispered
\nsomething in Kemal’s ear. Instantly he
\nturned and said, not without pride, “Madame
\nKemal is coming down.”
\nA few moments later the most attractive
\nTurkish woman I had yet met entered\u2014I
\nshould say glided\u2014into the room. She was
\nof medium height, with a full Oriental face
\nand brilliant dark eyes. Her every movement
\nwas grace itself. Although she wore
\na sort of non-Turkish costume\u2014it was dark
\nblue\u2014she had retained the charming headdress
\nwhich is usually worn with the veil
\nand which, according to the old Turkish
\ncustom, must completely hide the hair.
\nThe veil, however, was absent, for madame
\nis one of the emancipated ones, and some
\nof her brown tresses peeped out from
\nbeneath the beguiling cover. A subtle perfume
\nemanated from her. She was a visualization
\nof feminine Paris literally adorning
\nthe Angora scene.
\nKemal presented me to his wife, employing
\nTurkish in the introduction. I addressed
\nher in French and she replied in
\nadmirable English; in fact, she had a British
\naccent. The reason was that she had
\nspent some of her school life in England.
\nLater she studied in France. Madame
\nKemal at once took her seat at the table
\nand listened to the cross examination of
\nher husband with interest.
\nShortly after her arrival Kemal was summoned
\ninto the next room, where the cabinet
\nwas still in session, and during his
\nabsence she told me the story of her life,
\nwhich is a charming complement to the narrative
\nof her distinguished husband’s more
\nstrenuous career.
\nHer father, as I have already intimated,
\nis the richest merchant of Smyrna, which
\nhas been for years the economic capital of
\nTurkey. Her name is Latife. To this must
\nbe added the word hanum, which in Turkey
\nmay mean either “Miss” or ” Mrs.” Thus
\nbefore her marriage she was Latife Hanum.
\nIf she employed her full married name now
\nit would be Latife Ghazi Mustapha Kemal
\nHanum.
\nDuring the early days of the Greek war
\nshe was alternately in Paris and London.
\nIn the autumn of 1921 she returned to
\nSmyrna, which was then in the hands of
\nthe Greeks, who had imprisoned her father
\nand who eventually arrested her on the
\ncharge of being a Turkish spy. She was
\nsentenced to detention in her own home
\nwith two Greek soldiers on guard before
\nthe door. Here she spent three months.
\nOne day the Greek sentries suddenly
\nvanished. There was the bustle and din of
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\n146<\/p>\n

THE SATURDAY EVENING POST<\/p>\n

October 20, 1923
\nhasty retreat, and early the next morning
\nthe conquering Turks rode into Smyrna. A
\nfew days later Kemal entered in triumph
\nat the head of his victorious army. Let me
\ntell the rest in madame’s own na\u00efve words,
\nwhich were:
\n“Although I had never met Mustapha
\nKemal I invited him to be our guest during
\nhis stay in Smyrna. I admired his courage,
\npatriotism and leadership, and he accepted
\nour invitation. I found that we had common
\nideals for the reconstruction of our
\ncountry, and later we discovered that we
\nhad something else in common. Not long
\nafterwards forty to fifty of our friends were
\ninvited to the house for tea. The mufti, as
\nthe Turkish registrar is called, was summoned,
\nand without any previous announcement
\nwe were married. Our wedding ring
\nwas brought to us later from Lausanne by
\nIsmet Pasha.”
\nMadame Kemal spoke with f rank admiration
\nabout her husband. “He is not only a
\ngreat patriot and soldier but he is also an
\nunselfish leader,” she said. ” He has built a
\nsystem of government that can function
\nwithout him. He wants absolutely nothing
\nfor himself. He would be willing to retire
\nat any time if he were convinced that his
\nideal of the self-determined Turkey will
\nprevail.
\n“I am acting as a sort of amanuensis for
\nhim. I read and translate the foreign
\npapers for him, play the piano when he
\nwants relaxation, and I have started to
\nwrite his biography.”
\n” What are your husband’s diversions?”
\nI asked.
\nHe loves music and when he does find
\ntime to read he absorbs ancient history,”
\nwas the reply. Then pointing to three playful
\npups that gamboled on the floor at our
\nfeet she added: “I have also provided him
\nwith these little dogs, to whom he has become
\nmuch attached.” The snapshot of
\nKemal reproduced in this article shows
\nthe pups.
\nEducation Before Suffrage
\nMadame Kemal has definite ideas about
\nthe future of Turkish women. Like Halide
\nHanum, she is strong for emancipation.
\nAlong this line she said:
\n“I believe in equal rights for Turkish
\nwomen, which means the right to vote and
\nto sit in the Grand National Assembly. I
\nmaintain, however, that before suffrage
\nand public service must come education.
\nIt would be absurd to impose suffrage on
\nignorant peasants. We must have schools
\nfor women eventually, conducted by
\nwomen. It is bound to he a slow process.
\nI am in favor of abolishing the veil, but
\nthis will also be a gradual development.
\nWe want no quick changes. It must be
\nevolution instead of revolution.
\n“On one subject I have strong views:
\nEducation and religion in Turkey must be
\nseparate and distinct. This is my ideal of
\nthe mental uplift of the women of my race.”
\nWe began to discuss books. Much to my
\nsurprise I found that Madame Kemal was
\na great admirer of Longfellow. She quoted
\nthe whole of the Psalm of Life. I was
\nequally interested to find how well she
\nknew Keats, Shelley and Byron. I referred
\nto the fact that in the old days Byron’s
\nbooks were forbidden in Turkey on account
\nof his pro-Greek sentiments, whereupon
\nshe remarked vivaciously, “All such procedures
\nare now part of the buried Turkish
\npast.”
\nAt this juncture Kemal returned, and
\nthe threads of the interview with him were
\npicked up. When we concluded, twilight
\nhad come and it was time to go. I had
\nbrought with me a photograph of the Ghazi
\nthat I had obtained in Angora. It was
\ntaken in the early days of 1920. As he
\nlooked at it he said wistfully, “That reminds
\nme of my youth.” He signed it and
\nthen gave me two others at my request.
\nThe farewells were now said, and I left.
\nAs I drove back to Angora through the
\ngathering night, hailed at intervals by cavalry
\npatrols, for the watch on Kemal increases
\nwith the dark, and with bugle calls
\nechoing across the still air, I realized that I
\nhad established contact with a strong and
\ndominating personality, a unique leader
\namong men.
\nIt remains only to reveal the somewhat
\nbrief and crowded span of Kemal’s life so
\nfar. He is the son of an obscure petty government
\nofficial and was born forty-three
\nyears ago at Saloniki, which was then under
\nthe Turkish flag. The fact of his birth here
\nhas given rise to the widespread belief that
\nhe is a Jew, which is not true. The surmise
\nwas natural because during the Spanish
\npersecutions Saloniki became the haven
\nof innumerable oppressed Israelites. Here,
\nas elsewhere in the Turkey that was, and
\nis, they have become important factors in
\nboth the commercial and the political life.
\nThe Turks are a mixed race, however, because
\nof the old itch for conquest, and
\nKemal’s mother had a strain of Albania
\nin her.
\nKemal was destined for the army and at
\nthe proper age entered the military school
\nat Monastir. Once in the army, he impressed
\nhis colleagues by a real love of
\nsoldiering. Then, as now, he was a nationalist.
\nIn those days this was heresy, because
\nTurkey was in the grip of a corrupt stewardship
\nwhich combined control of both church
\nand state in the sultanate. In other words,
\nthe sultan was not only ruler but as grand
\ncaliph was also defender of the faith.
\nA comrade of Kemal’s early soldiering
\ndays told me in Constantinople that when
\nthe Committee of Union and Progress,
\nwhich was controlled by Enver Pasha, and
\nwhich brought about the revolution of 1908
\nand the counter revolution of 1909, was at
\nthe height of its power, the future emancipator
\nof his country said: “These politicians
\nare bound to fail because they
\nrepresent a class and not a country. Their
\nmotives are purely political. Some day I
\nshall help to redeem Turkey.” Like Napoleon,
\nhe believed that he was a man of
\ndestiny, and his subsequent achievements
\nhave confirmed that early belief.
\nKemal at the Dardanelles
\nIt is interesting to add that at a time
\nwhen smart officers in Turkey had brilliant
\nprospects in politics Kemal stuck to his profession.
\nHe fought in Tripoli against the
\nItalians, but it was not until the World
\nWar that he emerged from the more or less
\nanonymity of the average officer’s life.
\nWith his antipathy for the Germans, he
\nnaturally opposed Turkey’s entrance into
\nthe war on the side of the Central Powers.
\nAt once he incurred the bitter enmity of
\nEnver Pasha, and this hostility became
\nmore acute during the years of the conflict.
\nEnver tried in every way to humble him,
\nbut he was too good a soldier to be sacked.
\nAt one time he temporarily left the front
\nto accompany the future Sultan Mohammed
\nVI, then the crown prince, on a state
\nvisit to Germany.
\nPrior to the Dardanelles campaign Kemal
\nwas a colonel of infantry. Even before the
\nBritish and French made their ill-fated
\nlanding he had been given a command on
\nGallipoli. Soon after, he was made a
\nbrigadier general- –this gave him the title of
\nPasha\u2014and he took over the 19th Division.
\nWhen the notorious Liman von Sanders
\nfell from favor he became one of the chief
\nranking Turkish officers on the peninsula.
\nMost people do not know that it was
\nlargely through Kemal’s quick judgment
\nthat the Dardanelles expedition failed. On
\nthe day that the Australians made their
\nhistoric attack at Anzac Beach, Kemal
\nhad ordered the two best regiments of his
\ndivision on parade, fully equipped for a
\nmaneuver against the very heights where
\nthe Anzacs, as the Australians were known,
\nwere about to operate. When the news of
\nthe landing and of the defeat of the Turkish
\ntroops along the coast first reached him it
\nwas coupled with the information that the
\nmovement was merely a feint, and with a
\nrequest that he would detach only one
\nbattalion to deal with it.
\nKemal judged from the firing, and from
\nthe direction of the advance, that this was
\nno mere feint but a serious attack. He
\ntook it on himself at once to order all three
\nbattalions standing on parade to carry out
\ntheir prearranged maneuver. They were
\nfollowed by the whole of a second regiment
\nand by a mountain battery which Mustapha
\nhimself posted and directed. He had committed
\nthe commander of the other division
\nas well as his more cautious superiors, and
\nhad, in fact, saved the situation.
\nAt the close of the World War Turkey
\nlay prostrate. The British Fleet was in the
\nBosporus, and the Sultan and his advisers
\nwere under the thumb of the Allies. When
\nthe Armistice of Mudros was signed in 1918
\nand the Turks surrendered, Kemal had just
\nreturned from Palestine, where, after a
\nheroic struggle, he saved the Turkish rearguard.
\nHe was now made inspector-general
\nof the remnants of the Turkish forces in
\nAsia Minor with a view to bringing order
\nout of the chaos into which the defeated
\nTurkish Army had been plunged.
\n(Continued on Page leg)
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\nOPERA SINGER OR PARROT?
\nDistortion in a radio set\u2014like a
\nparrot trying to imitate an opera
\nsinger\u2014can only produce discords
\nThis is the Acme A-2 Audio
\nFrequency Amplifying Transformer.
\nWhen used in one stage
\nof amplification (consisting of a
\nvacuum tube, the Acme A-2 itself
\nand certain minor apparatus) it
\nproduces strong, clear signals in
\nany head set. When two Acme
\nA-2’s are used, an Acme Kleerspeaker
\nor other loud speaking
\ndevice will give loud, clear, undistorted
\nmusic.
\nBuilds up incoming waves
\nTHEN they perfected a second
\ninstrument which gives any set
\ngreater range. It builds up the
\nstrength of the incoming radio
\nwaves before they are acted on by
\nthe detector. So signals from far
\ndistant stations (which have never
\nbefore been of sufficient strength
\nto cause the detector to act) can
\nnow be secured\u2014and with the aid
\nof Acme A-2’s turned into loud, clear, undistorted
\nconcerts. This second instrument
\nis the Acme Radio Frequency Amplifying
\nTransformer, and is made in three
\n, types, R-L R-3 and R-4, for more than one
\nstage of radio frequency amplification.
\nSend for booklet
\nIN ORDER to secure the best results with
\nAcme Transformers, which are sold in all
\nradio stores, send for “Amplification without
\nDistortion,” which not only explains
\nhow to secure the best results with your
\nown set, but also has wiring diagrams helpful
\nin building a set. Amplification and distortion
\nare clearly explained, and methods
\nof remedying poor results are described.
\nThe book also explains how to get Audio
\nand Radio Amplification on the same vacuum
\ntube\u2014the “REFLEX” System. Send
\nten cents for your copy. Acme Apparatus
\nCompany, Dept. 11, Cambridge,
\nMass., U. S. A.
\nThe Acme A-2
\nTrandformer
\n(shown) and
\nAcme R-2, R-3
\nand R-4 Radio
\nFrequency Transformers
\nsell for
\n$5 apiece. At radio
\nand electrical
\nstores.
\nTHE SATURDAY EVENING POST 149
\n(Continued from Page 146)
\nIn May, 1919, the Greeks occupied
\nSmyrna, which they had long coveted.
\nThis ill-advised procedure was due almost
\nentirely to Lloyd George, and, although the
\nBritish premier did not realize it at the
\ntime, was the first of the events that hurled
\nhim from power.
\nJust as it marked the beginning of ultimate
\ndisaster for the Greeks, and the final
\noverthrow of Lloyd George, so did it at the
\nsame time mean that Kemal’s great hour
\nhad come. The occupation of Smyrna by
\nthe Greeks, together with the brutal way
\nthey imposed their will, was the spark, as
\nit were, that started the flame of the new
\nnationalism in Turkey.
\nFar up beyond Erzerum was Kemal
\nwith the remnants of an army which he had
\nbeen sent to demobilize and disarm. As
\nnews of the Greek outrages in and around
\nSmyrna, and accounts of the deportation of
\nmany of his Constantinople colleagues by
\nthe British filtered in, he realized that the
\ntime to strike was at hand. Instead of
\ndemobilization and disarmament he sent
\nout a call for arms and volunteers with
\nwhich to resist what he believed was the
\ninevitable extinction of his country. He
\nbegan to organize a counter government
\nwhose platform was the liberation of Turkey
\nfrom foreign domination. Since he was the
\nhead and front of the movement his followers
\ncame to be called Kemalists. The
\nfirst capital of this new nationalist movement
\nwas Erzerum, in what was Turkish
\nArmenia. Later it was moved to Sivas, and
\nearly in 1920 to Angora.
\nMeanwhile the Sultan’s government at
\nConstantinople, at Allied dictation, had
\nsent peremptory word to Kemal to return.
\nWhen he refused he was outlawed and sentenced
\nto death. This only added to his
\ngrowing popularity.
\nKemal’s task was twofold: One phase was
\nto “Drive out the Greeks,” as the slogan
\nbecame; the other was to perfect the Nationalist
\nGovernment. Both consummations
\nwere achieved. They required the
\ngenius and strategy of military leadership
\non the one hand, and keen, organizing
\nstatesmanship on the other. Kemal combined
\nall these necessary qualities in himself.
\nThere is no space here to recount the
\nstory of those two years of fighting in which
\nthe Greeks advanced as far as the Sakaria
\nRiver, which means that they were forty
\nmiles from Angora, and how under Kemal
\nand the no less astute Ismet Pasha, who is
\na soldier and not a diplomat by training,
\nthe invaders were driven back into the sea.
\nIt is an oft-told tale.
\nTurkey’s New Constitution
\nWhat concerns us mainly is the system of
\ngovernment that Kemal created amid the
\nhardship and discomfort of Angora, and
\nwith every alien hand except ours raised
\nagainst him. It is really a striking adventure
\nin democracy. Although not so technically
\ndesignated, it is for all practical and
\nworking purposes a republic.
\nUnder the so-called National Pact adopted
\nby the Grand National Assembly in Angora
\nin 1920 the Turks paralleled the American
\nDeclaration of Independence. It declared,
\namong other things, that “it is a fundamental
\ncondition of our life and continued
\nexistence that we, like every country, should
\nenjoy complete independence and liberty in
\nthe matter of assuring the means of our
\ndevelopment, in order that our national
\nand economic development should be rendered
\npossible.”
\nThe -new Turkish Constitution is embodied
\nin what is known as the Fundamental
\nLaw, which decrees that the sovereignty
\nof the nation rests with the nation as
\nexercised by the Grand National Assembly
\nelected by the people. This assembly alone
\ncan declare war or make peace. It elects its
\npresident\u2014the office now held by Kemal
\nPasha\u2014who is the first official of the state.
\nAs I have already pointed out, the assembly
\nalso chooses the members of the cabinet.
\nFar more significant than these innovations,
\nwhen you consider the past history of
\nTurkey, is the absolute separation of church
\nand state. The sultan business is finished,
\nand the head of the Moslem faith reposes
\nin a caliph named by the Grand National
\nAssembly. He continues as spiritual chief
\nof the Mohammedan world but has no
\ninfluence upon Turkish affairs. In brief, he
\nis the pope of the Moslems.
\nThis separation of church and state has
\na big meaning for the foreigner and his
\nbusiness interests. Until the Nationalist
\nmovement a sort of extraterritoriality under
\nthe name of capitulations existed. These
\nwere necessary under the old regime because
\nreligion and law were closely related.
\nThe church throve upon the ignorance and
\nsuperstition of the masses. The Pious
\nFoundation\u2014the Evkaf, as it is called\u2014
\nwhich controls all church property, is one
\nof the richest trusts in the world. Hence,
\nas in China, the alien had to have his own
\ncourts. One of the first things that Kemal
\ndid was to abolish the capitulations. With
\nthe courts purged of religious influence the
\nalien now has a square deal.
\nPersonal Characteristics
\nBy this time you will have realized that
\nKemal is no ordinary person. When you
\nstudy} the man and his method you discover
\nthat two qualities underlie his astounding
\nperformance. One is doggedness of purpose
\nwhich marches at the behest of an iron will;
\nthe other is his profound respect for public
\nopinion. Although the adored of his people,
\nwho have implicit faith in his judgment,
\nhe has, from the start, consulted
\nthem in every step. When he wants to put
\nover a proposition he goes to the masses
\nand through the agency of what we should
\ncall a town meeting states his case. So in
\nhis relations with the Grand National Assembly.
\nAlthough he is a stickler for smart
\nclothes and etiquette his whole life has been
\nmarked by a direct simplicity. When he
\nwent to the front to lead the last stand of
\nthe Turks against the advancing Greeks
\nthe only document that he left behind was
\nthe following brief note fr- Dr. Adnan Bey,
\nwho was then vice presider’, of the Grand
\nNational Assembly:
\nTo the Vice President of the Grand National
\nAssembly: I am leaving for the front and I ask
\nyou kindly to take care of my affairs during my
\nabsence.
\nMUSTAPHA KEMAL
\nPresident of the Grand National Assembly.
\nCompare the failure of Enver Pasha with
\nthe success of Kemal Pasha and you can
\nsee how they differed in strategy. Enver
\nwent straight ahead to the fulfillment of his
\npurpose. If he struck a stone wall he tried
\nto batter it down. Eventually he succumbed.
\nKemal, when he meets an obstacle,
\nwaits patiently until he can get
\naround it, and he usually gains his ends.
\nThe patience to which I have just alluded
\nstood him in good stead at Sakaria, which
\nrepresents the peak of his military career.
\nFor days the outlook was desperate. Regiment
\nafter regiment had been hurled
\nagainst the Greeks, who fought them back
\nwith terrible loss. Three divisional generals
\nwere killed in the first day’s fighting. Turkish
\ndisaster seemed inevitable. An orderly
\ndashed up to Kemal saying that another
\nposition had been lost. Turmoil raged all
\nround him, but the commander in chief
\nstood unmoved and without the slightest
\nexpression on that sphinxlike face.
\nAt the critical hour he gave a quiet word
\nof command and five thousand picked
\ntroops, which he had kept in reserve and
\nunder cover, leaped into action. Their
\ninstructions were not to fire until they saw
\nthe whites of the enemy’s eyes. They turned
\nthe tide and the Greek retreat began.
\nFor the moment Kemal is secure on the
\ndizzy eminence where the tide of his accomplishments,
\naided by the almost frenzied
\nacclaim of his people, has landed him.
\nOn August fourteenth last he was reelected
\npresident of the Grand National Assembly.
\nOnly one vote was cast against him. It was
\nfor Ismet Pasha, and the impression is that
\nKeinal so honored his eminent associate.
\nThus for two years his post is safe.
\nMeanwhile his troubles will begin. Just
\nnow he dominates\u2014in fact he is–the
\nso-called Defense of Rights Party, whici is
\nthe People’s Party, and which has practically
\nno opposition. Another wing must
\neventually develop and the inevitable
\npolitical division will arise.
\nMore immediate is the task of translating
\nthat kindling formula of economic and
\npolitical self-determination, the Magna
\nCharta of the new Turkey, into cold and
\npractical reality. The tumult and shouting
\nhave died out. Peace is signed. The
\nwounds of conflict must now be bound up.
\nKemal’s real test as national leader, therefore,
\nwill be to bring order and prosperity
\nout of the rack and ruin wrought by twelve
\nyears of almost continuous warfare.
\nWhether as economic messiah he will
\nduplicate his astounding record in field and
\nforum remains to be seen. Whatever fate
\nholds out for him, he has already written
\nhimself large in the history of his time.<\/p>\n

kemal-pasha-october-1923[1]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

THE SATURDAY EVENING POST October 20, 1923 THERE was a time when Angora was famous solely, for cats and goats. Today the shambling, timeworn town far up in the Anatolian hills has another, and world-wide significance. It is not only the capital of the reconstructed Turkish Government and the seat therefore of the most picturesque […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":87028,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2939,34],"tags":[13],"class_list":["post-87026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cultureart","category-usa","tag-ataturk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=87026"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/87026\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/87028"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=87026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=87026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=87026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}