![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/akyol_302.jpg\" "\\"akyol_302\\"")
Haroon Moghul\nRD associate editor Haroon Moghul is a fellow at the\u00a0Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, a senior editor at the Islamic Monthly<\/em>\u00a0and a doctoral candidate at Columbia University. His work has appeared or he has been otherwise featured on CNN, BBC, History Channel,\u00a0al-Jazeera<\/em>, Today’s Zaman, and\u00a0Tikkun<\/em>. He is the author of The Order of Light<\/em> (Penguin, 2006).<\/li>\n It seemed a few years ago that the post-9\/11 spike in the field of Islamic studies was waning, no doubt accelerated by economic crisis and fatigue with a long, uncertain war. But then the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt brought Islam, Arabs, and the Middle East, back to global attention.<\/p>\n This interest will only continue to grow; the direction of the Middle East will be crucial to how our world turns out in coming decades. And with Islamist parties triumphing in recent elections across a democratizing region, we in America are ever more concerned\u2014and confused.<\/p>\n Who can we turn to for some insight, and not only thought, but actual ideas? What voices over there can we learn from\u2014and should we listen to?<\/p>\n I had the chance to speak with Mustafa Akyol, author of Islam Without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty<\/em>; Akyol is a Turkish media personality, newspaper columnist, and intellectual. He also gets to live in Istanbul, which should properly go on his resum\u00e9.<\/p>\n Many have argued Turkey\u2019s experience is deeply important to the Middle East (and see my post this weekend about Newt Gingrich’s longtime admiration for Kemal Ataturk). Whether or not you agree, Akyol deserves to be more widely read, as he pushes well past the typical clich\u00e9s\u2014for him, Islam and liberalism are not merely reconciled, but\u2014well, you\u2019ll see.<\/p>\n HM: Tell me a little bit about how and why you wrote this book.<\/strong><\/p>\n MA: This book is mainly about the problem of freedom in Islam. I argue that Islam, as its very core, is a religion that liberated the individual from the bond of the tribe and similar collective bodies. But I also show how the initial impetus of the faith was partly overshadowed as a result of some early theological controversies, and, moreover, political decisions. This also means that some of those early debates can be reopened, and coercive elements in Islamic law and culture can be reformed. And I am saying all these within a particularly Turkish outlook, as I explain the little known history of \u201cMuslim liberalism\u201d that emerged in the late Ottoman Empire and modern-day Turkey.<\/p>\n Who did you write this for?<\/strong><\/p>\n I wrote this for both Muslims and non-Muslims who believe that Islam and liberal democracy are fundamentally incompatible. Obviously, I disagree with them. I rather want to show them that a genuinely Islamic yet liberal view of the world is possible. Muslims can tolerate the \u201cfreedom to sin,\u201d for example, not because they condone sin, but that its judgment should be left to God.<\/p>\n Can you explain what you mean by liberalism?<\/strong><\/p>\n By liberalism, I mean a political and economic system which limits the powers of the state, and gives individuals, and their voluntary associations, the freedom to shape their destinies. I think liberty has been a value throughout history, but liberalism became a full-fledged ideology in the modern age, for the modern state threatened liberty in unprecedented levels.<\/p>\n I also think that today liberalism presents the best medium for Muslims to live Islam in the various ways that they understand it.<\/p>\n Let me push you a little bit here. I would argue that most interpretations of Islam place a strong emphasis on the social, the communal, often above the individual\u2014and if we stress the liberation of the individual from larger collectives, does Islam play any role in the great social questions of our time? Should Islam also speak to the intermediary institutions, between state power and individual life, to temper that power and protect that individual?<\/strong><\/p>\n Of course I am not saying that Islam does not have a sense of the community. It certainly does. Moreover, that sense implies a strong basis for civil society, which is of course very important for empowering and protecting the individual in the face of threats coming the from the modern state.<\/p>\n However, I believe that the Qur’an, with its strong emphasis on the individual\u2019s personal faith and deeds, presented a more individualistic worldview than some Muslims appreciate. I actually believe that the individualism of the Qur\u2018an was gradually overshadowed by a more communitarian mindset that shaped Islam in its formative centuries. I explore such differences between the Qur’an and the post-Qur’anic tradition, and how they came to be, in my book.<\/p>\n You say Muslims should tolerate sin. But of course we don\u2019t tolerate some sins\u2014murder, cheating, lying in certain circumstances. Are there some sins that we must object to socially? And if it isn\u2019t a matter of state power, should Muslims still condemn sins?<\/strong><\/p>\n You make a great point\u2014and that is something I discuss in my book chapter, \u001cThe Freedom to Sin. There, I suggest a distinction between sin and crime. Sins are acts of personal disobedience to God, like drinking wine or refraining from daily prayer. But crimes are acts that hurt other people, like murder or theft. Most crimes are also sins, but I am saying that not all sins should be considered as crimes. And I am saying that by looking at what the Qur’an really penalizes and what it does not.<\/p>\n You mention the distinction between sin and crime. However, many Muslims\u2014like many people of other faiths\u2014believe that sins cause genuine harm in the world. For example, that sinning causes God to, say, withhold rain from the earth. This might lead religious folks to believe that sins, too, should be socially punished. What do you say to that?<\/strong><\/p>\n Well, first I would disagree with the theology there. The Qur’an tells us that some specific societies in history\u2014such as Sodom and Gomorrah\u2014were destroyed by God via natural disasters; but I think those are exceptional miracles and not the norm. The norm, I think, is that natural disasters happen via natural causes which God has set in place, and are not related with our sins. Earthquakes really do not selectively hit cities of vice, such as, say, Las Vegas. They just hit the cities that are placed on tectonic faultiness. Or raining patterns really do not show any correlation with levels of godliness or godlessness.<\/p>\n Even if people believe that this or that disaster has happened because of this or that sin, this subjective idea cannot be the base of objective laws that will be imposed on us. Shall we impose vegetarianism by law, for example, because some Buddhists see meat-eating as the source of all evil? We have the right to believe in our theologies, but we cannot impose them to all.<\/p>\n I walk through the bookstore, see your book, and as a Muslim I think, \u001canother book about Islam that frames us around extremism. \u001d Do you think that perhaps framing Islam around extremism, even to push back against it, might just reinforce the same narrative?<\/strong><\/p>\n Well, \u201cextremism\u201d is a vague term, and I really wanted to focus on something more specific: authoritarianism in Islamic law and culture. In other words, this book is not about why Muslims should reject terrorism\u2014the overwhelming majority of the world\u2019s Muslims already do that. But not all of them tend to be that liberal when it comes to issues such as apostasy, blasphemy, sin, or different interpretations of Islam. That\u2019s why one scholar said that there is a problem of \u201cilliberal moderates\u201d in the Islamic world. That is the problem that I am really focusing on.<\/p>\n You have a lot of reach in Turkey. And of course, Islam in Turkey is increasingly seizing the world\u2019s attention. From your perspective, how do you see Islam in Turkey right now? What are you pleased with, and what are you worried about?<\/strong><\/p>\n Of course, we Turks still have lots of problems with our own politics and culture. Yet it is fair to say that Islam in Turkey has a much healthier experience with democracy. Many people would readily say that Turkeys owes this to Ataturk and his ultra-secularist reforms. But, in my book, I argue that we actually owe our Islamo-democratic synthesis to the opponents of the strict Atat\u00b8rkist tradition, such as Menderes of the \u201960s, Ozal of the \u201980s and most lately Erdog\u001fan. Today, the mainstream Islamic view in Turkey is at peace with the secular (but not secularist!) state, and how this came to be is a curious story that I relate in my book.<\/p>\n Can you expand on the distinction between the secular state and the secularist state?<\/strong><\/p>\n Sure. A secular state is neutral to religion, and respects religious practices unless they cause harm to individuals. A secularist state, however, bears an ideological hostility to religion, and wants to secularize society by banning religious practices or institutions. Most communist dictatorships of the past century were secularist states. Kemalist Turkey, too, has been a secularist state\u2014which banned the headscarf, Sufi orders, or religious education\u2014and it has given a bad name to secularity among the world\u2019s Muslims. Luckily, though, that excessive secularism of Turkey has been defanged to some extent in the recent years.<\/p>\n I want to elaborate on this distinction between secular and secularist. In places like Egypt, and potentially Libya and Yemen as well, democracy will throw forward explicitly Islamist parties, however much some of them might want to deny it (although Islamist doesn\u2019t mean authoritarian). Do you think these parties can contribute to building democratic societies? Is it possible to build post-secular states, neutral between religion and secularism?<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201dIslamist\u201d does not mean authoritarian, if it implies a political party that is inspired by Islamic principles and values, but articulates them within the rules of liberal democracy. The closest example to that seems to be Ennahda in Tunisia, and I am hopeful about its future. But other Islamist parties such as the Freedom and Justice Party of Egypt, an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, still seem to believe in an \u201cIslamic state\u201d that will impose an \u201cIslamic way of life\u201d on society. The problem with that is not just authoritarianism. It is also that whomever imposes Islam via the state will be imposing the \u201cIslam\u201d that he or she understands.<\/p>\n But since no Muslim school of thought can claim an ultimate access to truth\u2014as the \u201cPostponers\u201d of the 7th century realized, as I explain in my book\u2014the state should better be neutral when it comes to religious matters. Whether the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt and its counterparts in other Arab countries will be humble enough to see that is the next big question.<\/p>\n How do you see Islam faring in Europe? In America? Do you think the Arab spring might make things better or worse?<\/strong><\/p>\n I think partly in America and more so in Europe, Islam suffers from being the religion of the immigrants. Immigrant communities sometimes have problems simply because of their \u201calienness,\u201d and the unwelcoming-ness of their hosts, and these problems can appear as a friction between Islam and non-Islam.<\/p>\n Whenever I speak about this, I note that the EU member country with the highest percentage of Muslims in its population is not UK, France or Germany but Bulgaria. Yet you never hear about Bulgaria\u2019s \u201cMuslim question,\u201d for its Muslims are native Turks and Pomaks who have been living in that country for centuries.<\/p>\n As for the Arab Spring, I am of course very supportive of it, for it is toppling or challenging the dictators who oppressed Arab societies for decades. (Right now, I am keeping my fingers crossed for the fall of the Baath tyranny Syria.) But democracies\u2014let alone liberal democracies\u2014do not emerge overnight, and the post-revolutionary countries will need some time and lots of effort to build them.<\/p>\n I know this is a loaded question, but what is Islam\u2019s purpose? Or, perhaps I\u2019ll put it another way: What is it that attracts you, and keeps you affiliated with, this religion?<\/strong><\/p>\n Well, I believe Islam\u2019s main purpose is the same with that of all other Abrahamic monotheisms: To make humans aware of their Creator and His intentions. In other words, it is primarily about connecting God and man. Of course, God, through the Qur\u2019an, gives man some rules and principles that will guide his behavior to other men as well\u2014that is where Islamic law comes from. But I also think that this law, in its divine origin, is intentionally limited and flexible, for social structures always change and laws should adapt to that change.<\/p>\n What keeps me affiliated with Islam? Well, its main purpose: I believe that I have a Creator, and Islam is the straightest path that I know to connect with Him.<\/p>\n Let\u2019s say I run a madrasa. (Note: I don\u2019t). What books, thinkers, ideas would you recommend to the next generation of Muslim scholars, theologians, and preachers?<\/strong><\/p>\n Well, if it were your madrasa, I am sure it would be a cool one, and I would be happy to support it. As for the religious curriculum, I would suggest, first, a good translation of and commentary to the Qur’an. Then a good book on the history of Islamic thought, which would expose the students to all the different colors of our religion that has evolved in the past fourteen centuries.<\/p>\n Among modern writers, I would suggest books by the late Alia Izzetbegovic, the \u201cphilosopher-king\u201d and the brave leader of the Bosnians, Muhammed Abduh, Fazlur Rahman, and even Said Nursi, a Turko-Kurdish Islamic scholar and hero whose emphasis on \u201cfreedom\u201d is little known outside of Turkey. Finally, I would also add the Bible to the curriculum. The Qur’an repeatedly refers to it, and it is a pity that we Muslims have taken very little notice of that.<\/p>\n What\u2019s next for you?<\/strong><\/p>\n Well, God knows that best. On my side, I am just expecting many talks and conferences in the year to come. But then I have other books in mind. Perhaps something with the title, \u201cTowards A Free Muslim Mind,\u201d which will articulate a Muslim worldview that is genuinely religious but also consistently liberal. I am hoping to write a novel at some point, too\u2014a novel that will put all my ideas into characters and events, and which will hopefully inspire the readers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" An Interview with Mustafa Akyol By Haroon Moghul Haroon Moghul RD associate editor Haroon Moghul is a fellow at the\u00a0Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, a senior editor at the Islamic Monthly\u00a0and a doctoral candidate at Columbia University. His work has appeared or he has been otherwise featured on CNN, BBC, History Channel,\u00a0al-Jazeera, Today’s Zaman, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":50297,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[89],"tags":[5883],"class_list":["post-50296","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turkey","tag-mustafa-akyol"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50296","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50296"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50296\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/50297"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50296"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50296"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50296"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n