By Idil Aybars<\/p>\n
The Daily Star<\/p>\n
Turkish women were among the first in Europe to exercise political rights with the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1924, but 87 years later Turkey ranks 122nd of the 135 countries in the 2011 Global Gender Gap Index.<\/p>\n
Women\u2019s rights in Turkey have a complicated track record. Turkish women gained many of their current social, cultural and political rights in the 1920s and 1930s after the establishment of the Turkish republic. In 1934, before France and Switzerland, Turkey recognized women\u2019s right to vote and run for public office. And along with political rights, a number of important legal reforms in the 1920s and 1930s aimed to provide Turkish women with equal rights in the educational, family, work, social and legal spheres.<\/p>\n
Today, however, there are pressing problems when it comes to gender equality in Turkey. These problems do not harm only women, but also men and society at large.<\/p>\n
Gender equality is now the cornerstone of democratization and of Turkey\u2019s bid to join the EU, as well as a major concern of an increasingly strong women\u2019s movement. A number of legal steps, particularly affecting the constitution, civil law and penal law, have been taken during the last decade to align Turkey\u2019s domestic law with its international commitments.<\/p>\n
The 2004 amendment to Article 10 of the 1982 constitution, for example, added a specific provision prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex. The Turkish Penal Code was also amended in 2004 so that crimes against women are understood within the framework of crimes against humanity, and to introduce life imprisonment for the perpetrators of so-called \u201chonor\u201d killings. And at present, the government is drafting a comprehensive new law on violence against women.<\/p>\n
Despite this legal framework, it is difficult to talk about real social equality for women. While the current government is proud to underline that Turkey is amongst the top 20 fastest growing economies in the world, its poor ranking in the 2011 Global Gender Gap Index suggests a different story. The areas where gender inequality is most pronounced are economic participation and opportunity \u2013 in which Turkey ranks 132 out of 135, and educational attainment \u2013 in which it ranks 106 out of 135.<\/p>\n
While the global rate for female labor market participation is 52 percent, Turkey\u2019s fluctuates at 24-28 percent, less than half of the world average. Moreover, female employment rates have been decreasing since the 1990s, due to massive migration from rural to urban areas, which implies that women previously working in agriculture and now living in cities have recourse predominantly to jobs in the informal sector, or remain unemployed due to a lack of skills and education. And women make up the majority of the illiterate population of Turkey, with around 4 million illiterate women today.<\/p>\n
Turkey\u2019s experience over the last 10 years clearly demonstrates that legal equality does not inevitably lead to real equality. There are examples of good practices, including nationwide campaigns and initiatives to encourage families to send girls to schools supported by increasingly active women\u2019s NGOs. Nevertheless, their impact remains limited due to economic hardship and patriarchal social values.<\/p>\n
Many families still do not send their girls to school because girls take on household duties from an early age. Formal education for girls is thus not prioritized, a problem compounded in rural areas by transportation problems.<\/p>\n
There is a serious need for the political will to translate legal reforms into real, practical gender equality in all aspects of life. Providing training and education for women, to empower them to become strong and independent, is a first important step. Therefore, improving the formal education system and lifelong learning opportunities for women is very important.<\/p>\n
Men should also be included in the effort to promote gender equality in order to challenge existing mindsets and values. Incorporating gender equality classes in the formal education system and providing gender equality training \u2013 particularly for military, police and legal services personnel \u2013 could be important first steps in this respect.<\/p>\n
While government efforts to combat violence against women have been noteworthy, they will only be useful if they are complemented by concrete initiatives on other fronts, namely, women\u2019s economic independence and social participation.<\/p>\n
Idil Aybars is an assistant professor of sociology at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey. THE DAILY STAR publishes this commentary in collaboration with the Common Ground News Service (www.commongroundnews.org).<\/p>\n
A version of this article appeared in the print edition of The Daily Star on November 30, 2011, on page 7.<\/p>\n
via THE DAILY STAR :: Opinion :: Commentary :: Seeking real equality for Turkey\u2019s women.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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