{"id":31307,"date":"2011-03-21T17:03:28","date_gmt":"2011-03-21T15:03:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.turkishforum.com.tr\/en\/content\/?p=31307"},"modified":"2023-04-06T08:41:52","modified_gmt":"2023-04-06T05:41:52","slug":"the-misuse-of-memoirs-of-count-bernstorff-in-armenian-nationalist-publications","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/2011\/03\/21\/the-misuse-of-memoirs-of-count-bernstorff-in-armenian-nationalist-publications\/","title":{"rendered":"The Misuse of \u201cMemoirs of Count Bernstorff\u201d in Armenian Nationalist Publications"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
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Friday, 18 March 2011<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

ABSTRACT<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

To maintain the use of more than dubious sources (the \u201cAndonian documents\u201d and Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story), the Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, or more exactly three short quotations, were used by a part of the Armenian side as a corroborative proof. However, two of the three quotations from these Memoirs are tendentiously extracted of their context, and the third is just an unreliable opinion.<BR><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

KEYWORDS<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Andonian, Dadrian, Bersntorff, genocide, Morgenthau, Ternon, Dadrian.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
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From the 1980\u2019s, some Armenian and pro-Armenian writers refer to the Memoirs of Count Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff, ambassador of Germany in Ottoman Empire from 1917 to 1918, as a complementary evidence of the alleged intention of CUP government to extermination Ottoman Armenians, so to support the \u201cgenocide\u201d label. This use appeared in a precise context: the desperate attempts to defend the authenticity of crude forgeries, i.e. the \u201cAndonian documents\u201d [1] then the Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story. [2] These attempts were made by the Armenian-American sociologist Vahakn N. Dadrian [3] (currently director of the Zoryan Institute, a think-tank close to Armenian Revolutionary Federation [ARF], after his forced retirement from State University of New York because sexual harassment) and his French follower, the surgeon Yves Ternon [4], also a great friend of ARF, who acknowledges to have been leaded on Armenian issue only by Armenian nationalist groups or individuals, and to have always refused any contact with Turkish historians [5]. Both Mr. Dadrian\u2019s and Mr. Ternon\u2019s argumentations on Andonian and Morgenthau are, as a whole, less than convincing [6], that is why even Armenian and pro-Armenian historians raised serious doubts on the authenticity of \u201cAndonian telegrams\u201d [7]; but the goal of this paper is limited to the misuse of Bernstorff\u2019s Memoirs, published in German in 1935, and translated into English one year later. [8]<\/p>\n

The Quotations
\n<\/strong>
\nIn the 1980\u2019s, Mrs. Dadrian and Ternon used one quotation of Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, to corroborate the allegations of Aram Andonian\u2019s forged documents:<\/p>\n

\u201cWhen I kept on pestering him about the Armenian question, he once said with a smile: \u2018What on earth do you want? The question is settled, there are no more Armenians,\u2019 [\u2026].\u201d<\/p>\n

In 1999, Mr. Dadrian used the same quotation to defend the Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story, arguing that \u201cGerman ambassador Bernstorff in his memoirs quotes Tal\u00e2t almost in identical terms\u201d. [9]<\/p>\n

No surprisingly, the quotation was used again, later, by others. [10]<\/p>\n

In 1995, Mr. Dadrian used also two other quotations, in a rather different context, but also to support the \u201cgenocide\u201d allegation [11]:<\/p>\n

\u201cHis complicity in the Armenian crime he [Talat] atoned for his death.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cArmenia [= Eastern Anatolia] where the Turks have systematically trying to exterminate the Christian population.\u201d<\/p>\n

It is hardly doubtful that if such sentences are accepted are face value, with such interpretation, they constitute a clear indication in favor of the \u201cgenocide\u201d label, even if they represent a tiny part of the Memoirs of Count Bernstorff. Both Andonian\u2019s and Morgenthau\u2019s books depict Talat as a ferocious criminal; in the perspective of Mr. Dadrian and Mr. Ternon, the Memoirs of Count Bernstorff corroborate partially such an enormous allegations. However, a more attentive look gives a quite different version.<\/p>\n

Critique<\/strong><\/p>\n

The most evident distortion is the first and the most used (\u201cWhen I kept on pestering him about the Armenian question, he once said with a smile: \u2018What on earth do you want? The question is settled, there are no more Armenians\u2019\u201d). The context clarifies the meaning of Bernstorff :
\n\u201cIn this connection an excellent instance is the Grand Vizier, Talaat Pasha, subsequently murdered by an Armenian in Berlin, whom I learnt to respect and liked during my service in Constantinople. A man of absolute integrity, he had unusual gifts that enabled him to climb the steep ascent from the position of telegraph official to that of leading statesman, and a statesman he was in the truest sense of the word. There was not a sign of the parvenu in his behaviour or ideas. As Grand Vizier, Talaat Pasha always gave the impression of a \u2018grand seigneur\u2019, and his political conceptions were unencumbered by any pettiness. I never knew any Turk who could fairly be compared with him. He did indeed often promise me more than he could perform. [\u2026] However that may be, Talaat usually recognized the right way, and as time went on \u2014 and especially after every visit to Europe, he became more of a match for his mighty task. If any statesman could have succeeded in reforming the old Ottoman Empire, it would have been Talaat Pasha, provided that he had been able to consolidate his power and influence. As I have mentioned above, I am not referring to the Turkish Republic of today, with which I unfortunately have no acquaintance.<\/p>\n

This constant and considerable contrast between desire and achievement induced in the Grand Vizier a delightful blend of skepticism and gentle cynicism, which increased the charm of that attractive personality. When I kept on pestering him about the Armenian question, he once said with a smile: \u2018What on earth do you want? The question is settled, there are no more Armenians,\u2019 a reply which, while admitting his own complicity in the crime, hinted that the European accounts might be exaggerated.\u201d [12]<\/p>\n

The most comprehensive quotation is almost self-explanatory:<\/p>\n

1) Unlike in Andonian\u2019s forged documents and in Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story, Talat is not depicted by Bernstorff as a monster, a bloody villain, but, quite the contrary, as a moderate and responsible \u201cstatesman\u201d.<\/p>\n

2) The sentence \u201cThe question is settled, there are no more Armenians\u201d is an expression of black humor, criticizing the distorted narrative of pro-Armenian propaganda.<\/p>\n

3) Bernstorff does not present Talat as the supervisor of crimes perpetrated against Armenian civilians, but as an \u201caccomplice\u201d.<\/p>\n

What Bernstorff means by \u201ccomplicity\u201d is explained by the context of the second misused quotation:<\/p>\n

\u201cHis complicity in the Armenian crime he atoned for his death. On this matter he was an offspring of his nation. The statesmen of other lands have often been equally guilty in not opposing and rebuking the prejudices of their fellow-citizens, and it would be unjust to apply European standards to a Turkish statesman, even to one of the caliber of Talaat Pasha.\u201d [13]<\/p>\n

So, it is clear that Bernstorff blamed Talat for his incapacity to prevent atrocities committed by some Turks, Kurds, Circassians and Arabs against displaced Armenians, not for any criminal designs against these exiles.<\/p>\n

Arrived to this point, let\u2019s notice that the Memoirs of General Otto Liman von Sanders, chief of German military mission in Ottoman Empire (1913-1918), contain also great a praising of Talat\u2019s character, as well as a rebuttal of central government\u2019s guilty in atrocities committed against a part of displaced Armenians. [14]<\/p>\n

The third and last quotation (\u201cArmenia [= Eastern Anatolia] where the Turks have systematically trying to exterminate the Christian population\u201d in 1915-1916) is nor distorted neither tendentiously extracted of its context, and so is the single which could be used to support the \u201cgenocide\u201d label \u2014 however a strange \u201cgenocide\u201d, concerning only Armenians of Eastern Anatolia, and not desired by the actual Ottoman central authorities, contrary to all the literature supporting such a label for the Armenian case. Anyway, the Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, like any other historical source, have to be submitted to internal and external critiques.<\/p>\n

Bernstorff was not in Turkey but in USA during the Armenian displacement of 1915-1916; as ambassador in Ottoman Empire, he did not quit Istanbul; nowhere in his Memoirs, he claims to have carried a particular investigation on 1915-1916 events, for instance in interviewing German officials of embassy and consulates; nowhere Bernstorff mentions the fifth-column role played from the beginning of WWI Armenian revolutionaries, a fact well documented in German sources [15];\u00a0 despite his praising of Talat Pasha, Bernstorff\u2019s prejudices about Oriental peoples (surely not worse than the average of his time, that is right) and his lack of curiosity for Turkey (he acknowledges to know roughly nothing on Kemalist Republic) are clear in his book. No one of these facts shows Bernstorff as a first-choice witness for the tragedy of 1915-1916.<\/p>\n

More important is the fact that several German witnesses, who were in Eastern Anatolia during WWI, have a quite different version of the story. Especially, General Felix Guse argued that the goal of the forced displacement was to crush the numerous, and coordinated, rebellions of Armenian revolutionary committees which started as early as 1914; and that the atrocities against displaced Armenians were not systematic. [16] General Friedrich Bronsart von Schellendorf supported the same conclusions, and stressed on the absence of criminal designs in Talat\u2019s policy vis-\u00e0-vis the Armenians. [17] Heinrich Bergfeld, German consul in Trabzon, whose reports are also used highly selectively by Armenian and pro-Armenian writers \u2014 including Mr. Ternon \u2014, concluded, too, that the fate of Armenian deportees was extremely variable, depending on the quality of the escort. [18] The findings of Ernst J\u00e4ckh, a German scholar who carried out unofficial missions for German government in Ottoman Empire during WWI, corroborate these conclusions. [19]<\/p>\n

Similarly, the journalists Gustav Hjalmar Pravitz (Swedish), George Abel Schreiner (American), and Stefan Steiner (Austrian), who investigated in eastern Anatolia \u2014 and even, for the first, in Arab provinces \u2014 testified that there was no systematic destruction of Armenians; all three stressed that bureaucratic ineptness and lack of relevant material were mostly responsible for the human losses, and that allegations of atrocities widely diffused in Western countries contained a substantial part of inventions and exaggerations. [20] Stefan Steiner witnessed also the war crimes of Armenian volunteers against Turkish civilians in 1918. [21]<\/p>\n

Even in the Blue Book published in 1916 by the Bryce-Toynbee team [22], one can find at least one Western testimony, the statement of the missionary Mary L. Graffam, rejecting explicitly the allegation of systematic extermination, as well as any blame on top-rank Ottoman officials or Ottoman government. [23] Unlike the majority of sources used in the work of \u201cwar propaganda\u201d (according to Arnold J. Tonybee\u2019s proper words [24]), Graffam testified only on what she saw, and interviewed both Turks and Armenians.<\/p>\n

The major Edward W. C. Noel, sent in 1919 to Anatolia by British government to fight the Kemalists, concluded, after investigation, that Turkish atrocities against Armenians during WWI were \u201cisolated\u201d \u2014 at least in the region where he travelled \u2014, and added that the war crimes of Armenian and Nestorian volunteers against Kurds in 1916 were \u2014 at least in his region, one more time \u2014 worse and more \u201csystematic\u201d. [25]
\nSo, even in neglecting the considerable body of Ottoman evidence against the charge of systematic extermination [26] and the failure of Malta\u2019s British prosecutor to find any evidence for this charge [27], and in focusing on Western sources, the conclusion imposed by an impartial study is that Bernstorff\u2019s allegation is prejudiced and not convincing.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

In attempting to save, against all the evidence, the authenticity of crude forgeries, two of the most prominent supporters of \u201cArmenian genocide\u201d label misused of the Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, by distorted quotations and the elevation of one unreliable opinion until the rank of evidence. Both these authors are perfectly able to understand that they do not make an honest and scholar use of Bernstorff\u2019s book. But such a finding will surprise nobody familiarized with Mr. Dadrian\u2019s and Mr. Ternon\u2019s selective, and in several cases purely misleading, use of sources. [28]
\nThe scholar study of Armenian issue, a highly sensitive and politicized topic, aggravated far after 1916 by Armenian terrorism and use of both verbal and physical violence \u2014 until an attempt of murder by explosives \u2014 against historians who disagree with \u201cgenocide\u201d allegation [29], needs a special attention to the classical duties of historical work. The shortcomings are certainly not coming from the Armenian side only, but the recurrent use of notorious forgeries \u2014 like the \u201cAndonian documents\u201d, the Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story, or Mevlanzade Rifat\u2019s book \u2014 and seriously dishonest quotations is the exclusivity of Armenian and pro-Armenian authors. [30] A real debate on the tragedy of 1915-1916 requests that scholars calling \u201cgenocide\u201d the fate of Ottoman Armenians express clearly and definitely their condemnation of misleading propaganda; and their acceptance that those who challenge the charge of \u201cgenocide\u201d are not necessarily lackeys of the Turkish government, mislead idiots or morally obtuse individuals. Unfortunately, excepted Hilmar Kaiser, few supporters of \u201cArmenian genocide\u201d label have such a scholar level. The basic fact that, since 1915, no one conclusive evidence was showed to support the charge of planned extermination [31] and, on the other hand, the\u00a0 strong proofs that Ottoman government severely punished several hundreds of Muslims who believed wrongly that everything was permitted during the forced displacement [32], as well as positive measures \u2014 like the protective policy of Djemal Pasha (Cemal Pa\u015fa), third figure of CUP regime, in favor of Armenian exiles [33] or the big expenses of central government for them [34] \u2014, should however incite to humility and prudence.<\/p>\n

The needed reconciliation between Turks and Armenian implies an impartial study of the past and a mutual, full condemnation of crimes committed from both sides. Until today, the huge historical literature \u201ccontains frequently considerable historical distortions, which takes away any value to it,\u201d as pointed correctly Prof. Xavier de Planhol, one of the best scholars of Turkish studies.\u00a0 [35]The misuse of Memoirs of Count Bernstorff is just one distortion among so many others.<\/p>\n

*Maxime Gauin is a visiting researcher at USAK.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

References:<\/strong><\/p>\n

1)\u00a0The most comprehensive demonstration on Andonian\u2019s fake documents is: \u015einasi Orel and S\u00fcrreya Yuca, The Tal\u00e2t Pasha Telegrams. Historical Fact or Armenian Fiction?, Nicosia: K. R\u00fcstem & Brothers, 1986 (first edition in Turkish, Ankara, TTK, 1983); it is summarized in T\u00fcrkkaya Ata\u00f6v, The Andonian \u201cdocuments\u201d attributed to Talat Pasha are Forgeries!, Ankara University Press, 1984 and Jean Loyrette\u2019s argumentation for Orly attack\u2019s trial: Terrorist attack at Orly: Statements and Evidence Presented at the Trial. February 19 – March 2 1985, Ankara University Press, 1985.
\n2)\u00a0On this book, see Heath Lowry, The Story Behind Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story, Istanbul: The Isis Press, 1990; see also \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Aya, The Genocide of Truth Continues\u2026 But Facts Tell the Truth, Istanbul: Derin Yayinevi, 2010; Harry Elmer Barnes, The Genesis of the World War, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926, pp. 241-247; C. Hartley Grattan, Why We Fought, New York: The Vanguard Press, 1929, pp. 250-251; George Abel Schreiner, The Craft Sinister, New York: G. Albert Geyer, 1920, pp. XXI and 125-126.
\n3)\u00a0\u201cThe Naim-Andonian Documents on the World War I Destruction of Ottoman Armenians: The Anatomy of a Genocide,\u201d International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. XVIII, Issue 3, August 1986.
\n4)\u00a0Yves Ternon, Enqu\u00eate sur la n\u00e9gation d\u2019un g\u00e9nocide, Marseille: Parenth\u00e8ses, 1989.
\n5)\u00a0Yves Ternon, Les Arm\u00e9niens. Histoire d\u2019un g\u00e9nocide, Paris: Le Seuil, 1977, second edition, 1996 (English translation: The Armenians. History of a Genocide, New York, St Vartan\u2019s Press, 1984).
\n6)\u00a0Michael M. Gunter, \u201cGunter Response to Dadrian Article,\u201d International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 19, Issue 4, November 1987, pp. 523-524; \u201cA Reply to Judith Tucker\u2019s Excperpt of Vahakn Dadrian’s Article,\u201d id., Volume 40, Issue 4, Autumn 2008, pp. 728-729; Guenter Lewy, The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2005, pp. 65-73 and 140-142; Jean-Louis Mattei, Belgelerle B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan Pe\u015finde Ermeni Komiteleri, Ankara: Bilgi Yayinevi, 2008.
\n7)\u00a0For instance: Christopher Walker, \u201cWorld War I and the Armenian Genocide,\u201d in Richard G. Hovannisian, (ed.) The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Time, New York: St Martin\u2019s Press, 1997, p. 247.
\n8)\u00a0Erinnerungen und Briefe, Zurich: Polygraph Verlag, 1935; Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, New York: Random House, 1936 (translated from German by Eric Sutton); Whitefish (USA): Kessinger Publishing, 2010.
\n9)\u00a0V. N. Dadrian, The Key Elements of the Turkish Denial of the Armenian Genocide: a Case Study of Distortion and Falsification, Cambridge (Massachusetts)-Toronto: Zoryan Institute, 1999, p. 41.
\n10)\u00a0For instance:\u00a0http:\/\/www.imprescriptible.fr\/citations\/diplomates
\n11)\u00a0V. N. Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide, Providence: Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 211, n. 19 (1st edition, 1995).
\n12)\u00a0Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, op. cit., pp. 175-176.
\n13)\u00a0Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, op. cit., p. 180.
\n14)\u00a0Ottoman Liman von Sanders, Cinq ans de Turquie, Paris: Payot, 1923 (translated from German by Major Mabille), pp. 13 and 185 (original version: F\u00fcnf Jahre T\u00fcrkei, Berlin, A. Scherl, 1920 ; English translation: Five Years in Turkey, Anapolis, United States Naval Institute, 1927; Naval & Military Press Publications, 2005).
\n15)\u00a0Edward J. Erickson, \u201cThe Armenians and Ottoman Military Policy,\u201d War in History, Volume XV, Issue 2, Spring 2008, pp. 141-167 ; Guenter Lewy, op. cit., pp. 93-94, 99 and 117.
\n16)\u00a0Felix Guse, \u00bbDer Armenien Aufstand 1915 und seine Folgen\u00ab, Wissen und Wehr, Volume VI, 1925, pp. 609-621.
\n17)\u00a0Friedrich Bronsart von Schellendorf, \u00bbEin Zeugnis f\u00fcr Talaat Pascha\u00ab, Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 24 July 1921.
\n18)\u00a0Guenter Lewy, op. cit., pp. 145-146 et 178-182; Hikmet \u00d6zdemir and alii, Ermeniler: S\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve G\u00f6\u00e7, Ankara, TTK, 2004, pp. 77-82.
\n19)\u00a0Ernest Jackh (Ernst J\u00e4ckh), The Rising Crescent, New York-Toronto: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944, pp. 43-45, 134 and 163.
\n20)\u00a0Gustav H. Pravitz, \u201cArmeniernas l\u00e4ge,\u201d Nya Dagligt Allehanda, 23 April 1917;\u00a0 George Abel Schreiner, op. cit., pp. 124-125; Stefan Steiner, \u201cArmeni\u00eb,\u201d Algemeen Handelsblad, 25 May 1920 (I express my thanks to Michael van der Gali\u00ebn for the translation).
\n21)\u00a0Justin McCarthy, Death and Exile. The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims. 1821-1922, Princeton, Darwin Press, 1996, pp. 230 and 242, n. 107.
\n22)\u00a0On the general methods of this propaganda team, see, for instance: Horace C. Peterson, Propaganda for War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914-1917, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939, pp. 53-59; and Arthur Ponsonby, Falsehood in War Time, London: Unwin Brothers, 1928, pp. 78-82 and 128-134.
\n23)\u00a0The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, London-New York-Toronto: Hodder & Stoughton, 1916, pp. 305-308. To understand why Graffam\u2019s report is unfortunately not representative of the average level of this Blue Book, see Justin McCarthy, \u201cWellington House and the Turks,\u201d in The Turks, Ankara: Yeni T\u00fcrkiye, 2002, tome IV, pp. 457-467; Hikmet \u00d6zdemir, Arnold Toynbee\u2019nin Ermeni Sorununa Bak\u0131\u015f\u0131, Ankara, 2005; James Morgan Read, Atrocity Propaganda. 1914-1919, New Haven-London: Yale University Press\/Oxford University Press, 1941, pp. 221-222; and Ahmet R\u00fcstem Bey, La Guerre mondiale et la question turco-arm\u00e9nienne, Berne: St\u00e6mpfli & Cie, 1918, pp. 95-132.
\n24)\u00a0Arnold J. Toynbee, The Western Question in Greece and Turkey, London-Bombay-Sydney, Constable & C\u00b0, 1922, p. 50.
\n25)\u00a0Stanford J. Shaw, From Empire to Republic. The Turkish War of National Liberation, Ankara: TTK, 2000, tome II, p. 922.
\n26)\u00a0For example: K\u00e2muran G\u00fcr\u00fcn, The Armenian File, Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2007 (first edition in English, 1985), pp. 237-292; Hikmet \u00d6zdemir and Yusuf Sar\u0131nay, op. cit.; \u015einasi Orel and S\u00fcrreya Yuca, op. cit.
\n27)\u00a0Guenter Lewy, op. cit., pp. 125-126; Bil\u00e2l N. \u015eim\u015fir, The Deportees of Malta and the Armenian Question, 2nd edition, Ankara, 2003 ; Sal\u00e2hi R. Sonyel, \u201cArmenian Deportations: A Re-Appraisal in the Light of New Documents,\u201d Belleten, January 1972, pp. 59-60.
\n28)\u00a0Mary Schaeffer Conroy, \u201cReview of Vahakn N. Dadrian, Warrant for Genocide : Key Elements of Turco-Armenian Conflict,\u201d The Social Science Journal, Volume XXXVII, Issue 3, July 2000, pp. 481-483; Edward J. Erickson,\u00a0 \u201cArmenian Massacres, New Records Undercut Old Blame\u201d, The Middle East Quarterly, Volume XIII, N\u00b0 3, Summer 2006 ; Clive Foss, \u201cBook Review of Vahakn Dadrian, German Responsabilities in the Armenian Genocide,\u201d The Institute for the Study of Genocide Newsletter, Autumn 1997, pp. 12-16; Hilmar Kaiser, \u201cGermany and the Armenian Genocide, Part II: Reply to Vahakn N. Dadrian\u2019s Response\u201d, Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies, IX, 1996, pp. 135-40; Guenter Lewy, op. cit., pp. 46-89, 94 and 160-161; Georges de Maleville, La Trag\u00e9die arm\u00e9nienne de 1915, Paris: Lanore, 1988; Jeremy Salt, \u201cForging the Past: OUP and the Armenian Question,\u201d Eurasia Critic, January 2010; Malcolm E. Yapp, \u201cBook Review\u201d, Middle Eastern Studies, Volume XXXII, Issue 4, October 1996, pp. 395-397.
\n29)\u00a0Maria \u00c7ak\u0131ra\u011fa, Statement in Opposition to Parole of Hampig \u201cHarry\u201d Sassounian (C-88440), 2010; Michael M. Gunter, \u201cPursuing the Just Cause of their People\u201d. A Study of Contemporary Armenian Terrorism, Westport-New York-London: Greenwood Press, 1986; Ga\u00efdz Minassian, Guerre et terrorisme arm\u00e9niens. 1972-1998, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2002; \u201cCrude Bomb Explodes at UCLA Professor\u2019s Home,\u201d The Los Angeles Times, 4 October 1977, p. D1; \u201cArmenians: Community in Turkey Worried Over Impact of Terrorism.\u201d The Los Angeles Times, 12 May 1982, p. B26; \u201cArmenian Terrorism: Near East Feud Rages in America,\u201d The Washington Post, 17 May 1982, p. A1; \u201cPress Clanger,\u201d Times Higher Education, 29 March 1996; \u00ab Veinstein persiste mais en vain \u00bb, Ha\u00efastan, June 2000, p. 10.
\n30)\u00a0In addition to the above mentioned references, see T\u00fcrkkaya Ata\u00f6v, Armenian Falsifications, New York: Okey, 2008; Cem \u00d6zg\u00f6n\u00fcl, Der Mythos Eines V\u00f6lkermordes, K\u00f6ln: \u00d6nel Verlag, 2005; Erman \u015eahin, \u201cA Scrutiny of Ak\u00e7am\u2019s Version of History and the Armenian Genocide,\u201d Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volume XXVIII, Issue 2, 2008, pp. 303-319; id., \u201cReview Essay: The Armenian Question,\u201d Middle East Policy, Volume XVII, N\u00b0 1, Spring 2010, pp. 144-157.
\n31)\u00a0Guenter Lewy, passim.
\n32)\u00a0Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu, The Story of 1915. What Happened to the Ottoman Armenians?, Ankara: TTK, 2008, pp. 82-87; Guenter Lewy, op. cit., pp. 111 and 113; Hikmet \u00d6zdemir and Yusuf Sar\u0131nay (ed.), Turkish-Armenian Conflict Documents, Ankara: TBMM, 2007, p. 261.
\n33)\u00a0Guenter Lewy, op. cit., pp. 196-198 and 218-220.
\n34)\u00a0Yusuf Hala\u00e7o\u011flu, op. cit., pp. 71-82.
\n35)\u00a0Xavier de Planhol, Minorit\u00e9s en Islam. G\u00e9ographie politique et sociale, Paris: Flammarion, 1997, p. 450, n. 144.<\/p>\n

<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Turkish Weekly<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Friday, 18 March 2011 ABSTRACT   To maintain the use of more than dubious sources (the \u201cAndonian documents\u201d and Ambassador Morgenthau\u2019s Story), the Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, or more exactly three short quotations, were used by a part of the Armenian side as a corroborative proof. However, two of the three quotations from these Memoirs […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":83,"featured_media":31309,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[5124,5123,5122,5121],"class_list":["post-31307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-armenian-question","tag-andonian-documents","tag-armenian-nationalist-publications","tag-memoirs-of-count-bernstorff","tag-misuse"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31307","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/83"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=31307"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31307\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31309"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=31307"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=31307"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkishnews.com\/en\/content\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=31307"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}